Chapter 6

The Integral

Sections 6.1, 6.2, and 6.3

 The Integral

 The Indefinite Integral

 Substitution
 The Definite Integral As a Sum
 The Definite Integral As Area
 Introduction

 A physicist who knows the velocity of a particle

might wish to know its position at a given time.

 A biologist who knows the rate at which a

bacteria population is increasing might want
to deduce what the size of the population will be
at some future time.
 Antiderivatives
 In each case, the problem is to find a function F
whose derivative is a known function f.
 If such a function F exists, it is called an
antiderivative of f.

Definition
A function F is called an antiderivative of f on
an interval I if F’(x) = f (x) for all x in I.
 Antiderivatives
 For instance, let f (x) = x2.

• It is not difficult to discover an antiderivative of f if

we keep the Power Rule in mind.

• In fact, if F(x) = ⅓ x3, then F’(x) = x2 = f (x).

 Antiderivatives
 However, the function G(x) = ⅓ x3 + 100
also satisfies G’(x) = x2.
• Therefore, both F and G are antiderivatives of f.

 Indeed, any function of the form H(x)=⅓ x3 + C,

where C is a constant, is an antiderivative of f.

• The question arises: Are there any others?

 Antiderivatives
Theorem

 If F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I, then

the most general antiderivative of f on I is
F(x) + C
where C is an arbitrary constant.
 Antiderivatives
 Going back to the function f (x) = x2, we see that
the general antiderivative of f is ⅓ x3 + C.
 Family of Functions
 By assigning specific values to C, we obtain a
family of functions.

• Their graphs are vertical

translates of one another.

• This makes sense, as each

curve must have the same
slope at any given value
of x.
 Notation for Antiderivatives
 The symbol  f ( x )dx is traditionally used to
represent the most general an antiderivative of f
on an open interval and is called the indefinite
integral of f .

 Thus, F ( x)   f ( x)dx means F’(x) = f (x)

 Indefinite Integral

The expression:  f ( x)dx

read “the indefinite integral of f with respect to
x,” means to find the set of all antiderivatives of
f.
 f ( x)dx x is called the variable
of integration

Integral sign Integrand

 Indefinite Integral
 For example, we can write
x 3
d  x 3

    
2 2
x dx C because  C  x
3 dx  3 

• Thus, we can regard an indefinite integral as representing

an entire family of functions (one antiderivative for each
value of the constant C).
 Constant of Integration
Every antiderivative F of f must be of the form
F(x) = G(x) + C, where C is a constant.

 6 xdx  3x
2
Example: C

Represents every possible

antiderivative of 6x.
 Power Rule for the Indefinite
Integral
n 1
x

n
x dx   C if n  1
n 1

4
x

3
Example: x dx  C
4
Power Rule for the Indefinite
Integral
1
 
1
x dx  dx  ln x  C
x

Indefinite Integral of ex and bx

x
b
 
x x
e dx  e  C x
b dx  C
ln b
 Sum and Difference Rules

  f  g  dx   fdx   gdx
Example:
3 2

  x x
 
2 2
x  x dx  x dx  xdx    C
3 2
 Constant Multiple Rule

 
kf ( x)dx  k f ( x )dx (k constant)

Example:
4 4
x x
 
3 3
2 x dx  2 x dx  2  C  C
4 2
 Example - Different Variable
Find the indefinite integral:
 u 7 

2
 3e   2u  6  du
 u 
1
   
 3 e du 7 du  2 u 2 du  6du
u
u

u 2 3
 3e  7 ln u  u  6u  C
3
Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
Derivative Form
If s = s(t) is the position function of an object at
time t, then
ds dv
Velocity = v = Acceleration = a =
dt dt
Integral Form
s (t )   v(t )dt v(t )   a(t )dt
 Integration by Substitution
Method of integration related to chain rule. If u
is a function of x, then we can use the formula

 f 
 
f dx    du
 du / dx 
 Integration by Substitution
Example: Consider the integral:

 3x  x 
9
2 3
 5 dx

3 2 du
pick u  x +5, then du  3 x dx  dx
3x 2

 
10
3
10 x 5

9 u
u du  C  C
10 10
Sub to get Integrate Back Substitute
Example: Evaluate  x 5 x 2  7 dx
2 du Pick u,
Let u  5 x  7 then  dx compute du
10 x
1 1/ 2
 
2
x 5 x  7 dx  u du Sub in
10
3/ 2
 1 u
  C Integrate
 10   3 / 2 

 
3/ 2
2
5x 7
 C Sub in
15
 dx
Example: Evaluate
 x  ln x  3

Let u  ln x then xdu  dx

dx
 x  ln x    u
3
3
du

u 2
 C
2
2

 ln x 
C
2
 e3t dt
Example: Evaluate
 3t
e 2
3t du
Let u  e +2 then 3t  dt
3e
e3t dt 1 1 ln u
 e 2 3 u  3 C
3t
 du



ln e3t  2  C
3
 The Definite Integral
Let f be a continuous function on [a, b]. If F is
any antiderivative of f defined on [a, b], then
the definite integral of f from a to b is defined
by
b
a f ( x) dx  F (b)  F (a)
b

a
f ( x)dx is read “the integral, from a to b of f (x) dx.”
 Notation
b
In the notation 
a
f ( x) dx ,

 f (x) is called the integrand.

 a and b are called the limits of integration;
a is the lower limit and b is the upper limit.
 For now, the symbol dx has no meaning by itself; is
all one symbol. The dx simply indicates that the
independent variable is x.
 The Definite Integral
The procedure of calculating an integral is called
b
integration. The definite integral  f ( x)dx is a
a
number. It does not depend on x.

Also note that the variable x is a “dummy variable.”

b b b
a
f ( x)dx   f (t )dt   f (r )dr
a a
 Geometric Interpretation
of the Definite Integral
 The Definite Integral As Area
 The Definite Integral As Net Change of Area
 Definite Integral As Area
If f is a positive function defined for a ≤ x ≤ b,
b
then the definite integral  f ( x) dx represents the
a
area under the curve y = f (x) from a to b

b
A   f ( x ) dx
a
 Definite Integral As Area
If f is a negative function for a ≤ x ≤ b, then the
area between the curve y = f (x) and the x-axis
b
from a to b, is the negative of  f ( x ) dx.
a

b
Area from a to b    f ( x ) dx
a
 Definite Integral As Area
Consider y = f (x) = 0.5x + 6 on the interval [2,6]
whose graph is given below,
6
Find 
2
f ( x ) dx
a ) by using geometry
b ) by using the definition
of definite integral
 Definite Integral As Area
Consider y = f (x) = 0.5x + 6 on the interval [2,6]
whose graph is given below,
6

2
f ( x ) dx  Area of
Trapezoid
 Definite Integral as Net Area
If f changes sign on the interval a ≤ x ≤ b, then
definite integral represents the net area, that is, a
difference of areas as indicated below:

R1 R3
a R2 b

b
a
f ( x)dx  Area of R1 – Area of R2 + Area of R3
 Total Area
If f changes sign on the interval a ≤ x ≤ b, and we
need to find the total area between the graph and
the x-axis from a to b, then
Total Area  Area of R1 + Area of R2 + Area of R3
c
Area of R1 
a f ( x )dx
R1 c d

a R2
d R3
b
2
c
Area of R   f ( x )dx
b
Area of R 
3
d f ( x )dx
 Area Using Geometry
Example: Use geometry to compute the integral
5

  x  1 dx y  f ( x)  x  1
1

Area = 8
–1
5
Area = 2 5

  x  1 dx  8  2  6
1
 Area Using Antiderivatives
Example: Use an antiderivative to compute the
integral 5

  x  1 dx
1

First, we need an antiderivative of y  f ( x )  x  1

1 2
F ( x )    x  1 dx  x  x  C . Thus,
2
5
 15  3 
  x  1 dx  F (5)  F (1)   2  C    2  C   6
1
 Area Using Antiderivatives
Example: Now find the total area bounded by
the curve y  f ( x )  x  1 and the x-axis from
x  –1 to x  5.
y  f ( x)  x  1

R2
–1
1 5

R1 Total Area  Area of R1 + Area of R2

 y  f ( x)  x  1

R2

–1
1 5
Total Area  2 + 8  10
R1
1
1 x  2

1
Area of R1   f ( x )dx  
 2
 x  2
 1
5
5 x
2

Area of R2 
1 f ( x )dx    x   8
 2 1
 Evaluating the Definite Integral
5  1 
Example: Calculate 
1  2 x   1 dx
 x 

 1 
 
5 5

1  2 x  x  1 dx  x  ln x  x 1
2

   
 5  ln 5  5  1  ln1  1
2 2

 28  ln 5  26.39056
 Substitution for Definite Integrals
 2x  x 
1 1/ 2
Example: Calculate 2
3 dx
0

let u  x 2  3 x
du
then  dx Notice limits change
2x

 2x  x  3x 
1 1/ 2 4
2
dx   u du 1/ 2
0 0

4
2 3/ 2 16
 u 
3 0 3
 Computing Area
Example: Find the area enclosed by the x-axis,
the vertical lines x = 0, x = 2 and the graph of
y  2 x2 .
2
0 2x dx
3 Gives the area since 2x3 is
nonnegative on [0, 2].

   
2 1 4 1 4 1 4
0 8
3
2 x dx  x  2  0
2 0 2 2
Antiderivative
The Definite Integral As a Total
If r (x) is the rate of change of a quantity Q (in units
of Q per unit of x), then the total or accumulated
change of the quantity as x changes from a to b is
given by
b


Total change in quantity Q  r ( x) dx
a
The Definite Integral As a Total
Example: If at time t minutes you are traveling
at a rate of v(t) feet per minute, then the total
distance traveled in feet from minute 2 to minute
10 is given by
10


Total change in distance  v(t ) dt
2