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MEASUREMENTS

1. Measurement involves assigning a number to a characteristic of an object that can be compared to other objects. It allows checking quality, tolerances, and statistical process control. 2. There are direct, indirect, and comparative methods. Direct methods like calipers directly measure quantities, while indirect determine values through relationships. Comparative methods compare unknowns to known standards. 3. Measurement is important for quality control, maintaining tolerances, and statistical process control in manufacturing and engineering. A variety of measurement methods exist depending on the application and type of measurement being performed.

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IMMANUEL DURAI RAJ
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20 views26 pages

MEASUREMENTS

1. Measurement involves assigning a number to a characteristic of an object that can be compared to other objects. It allows checking quality, tolerances, and statistical process control. 2. There are direct, indirect, and comparative methods. Direct methods like calipers directly measure quantities, while indirect determine values through relationships. Comparative methods compare unknowns to known standards. 3. Measurement is important for quality control, maintaining tolerances, and statistical process control in manufacturing and engineering. A variety of measurement methods exist depending on the application and type of measurement being performed.

Uploaded by

IMMANUEL DURAI RAJ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT -1

Measurements

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UNIT I BASICS OF
METROLOGY
Introduction to Metrology – Need –
Elements – Work piece, Instruments –
Persons – Environment their effect on
Precision and Accuracy – Errors – Errors in
Measurements – Types – Control Types of
standards.
Measurement 
Measurement is the assignment of a number to a
characteristic of an object or event, which can be compared
with other objects or events.
Measurand:
A quantity intended to be measured. (engineering)
An object being measured.
A physical quantity or property which is measured.
Reference:
It is the physical quantity or property to which quantitative
comparisons are made.

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Why measure things?
Check quality?
Check tolerances?
Allow statistical process control (SPC)?

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Methods of Measurement
1.Direct method
2.Indirect method
3.Comparative method
Coincidence method
Contact method
Deflection method
Complementary method

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1.Direct method

Measurements are directly obtained


 Ex: Vernier Caliper, Scales

In this method of measurement, the unknown


quantity is directly compared with the
standard quantity. The result of the quantity
is expressed in number. It is the most
common method of measuring the physical
quantities like length, temperature, pressure,
etc.

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2.Indirect method
Obtained by measuring other quantities
Ex : Weight = Length x Breadth x Height x Density

In indirect method of measurement, the


physical parameters of the quantity are
measured by the direct method, and then the
numerical value of the quantity is determined
by the mathematical relationship.

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3.Fundamental or absolute method
In this case, the measurement is based on the
measurements of base quantities used to define the
quantity.
The quantity under consideration is directly
measured, and is then linked with the definition of
that quantity.
e.g …measuring mass (m) in accordance with the
definitions of that quantity.( definition of mass in
units)
F=mxa Density = mass / volume
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4.Comparative Method
It’s compared with other
known value
 Ex: Comparators
the quantity to be measured is compared
with the known value of the same quantity
or any other quantity practically related to
it

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5. Transposition method
This method involves making the measurement by
direct comparison, wherein the quantity to be measured
(V) is initially balanced by a known value (X) of the
same quantity; next, X is replaced by the quantity to be
measured and balanced again by another known value
(Y).
E.g Determination of mass by means of balance and
known weights

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6.Substitution Method
It is a direct comparison method.
This method involves the replacement of the value of the
quantity to be measured with a known value of the same
quantity, so selected that the effects produced in the
indicating device by these two values are the same.
The substitution method is extensively used
in measuring electrical quantities, such as resistance,
capacitance, and inductance.

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8. Deflection method
This method involves the indication of the value of
the quantity to be measured directly by deflection
of a pointer on a calibrated scale.
Pressure measurement is an example of this
method.

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9. Complementary method
The value of quantity to be measured is combined
with known value of the same quantity
Ex:Volume determination by liquid displacement

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10.Null measurement method

E.G Measurement by a potentiometer


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11.Contact method
In this method, the surface to be measured is
touched by the sensor or measuring tip of the
instrument.
Care needs to be taken to provide constant
contact pressure in order to avoid errors du e to
excess constant pressure.
Examples of this method include measurements
using micrometer, vernier caliper, and dial
indicator.

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12. Contactless method
As the name indicates, there is no direct
contact with the surface to be measured.
Examples of this method include the use of
optical instruments, tool maker’s microscope,
and profile projector.

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13. Composite method

The actual contour of a component to be checked is


compared with its maximum and minimum tolerance limits.
Cumulative errors of the interconnected elements of the
component, which are controlled through a combined
tolerance, can be checked by this method.
This method is very reliable to ensure interchangeability
and is usually effected through the use of composite GO
gauges.
The use of a GO screw plug gauge to check the thread of a
nut is an example of this method.
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