Transport Phenomena

-Introduction

Ming-Hua Ho
2011/09
 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2011

Outlines
• The purposes for us to learn transport
phenomena
• The introduction to derivatives of velocity
• The introduction to basic transport
equation
• Fluid types

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Backgrounds of Transport Phenomena

• What is transport phenomena?
– Transport phenomena is associated with spatial non-
uniformity
• Why do we study transport phenomena?
– Chemical industrial processes, biomechanics, environmental
protection…
• What are the driving forces of transportation?
– Differences in momentum, temperature and concentration.
• How do study transport phenomena?
– Experiments
– Theory: continuum approach & molecular approach

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Approach Method

• Dimensional Analysis
– Practical approach

• Overall Balance
– Simplified approach

• Equation of Change
– General approach

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The Derivatives of Velocity (p.

83)
• Velocity field

v  v( x, y, z , t )iˆ  v( x, y, z , t ) ˆj  v( x, y, z , t )kˆ


– Partial time derivative v
t

– Total time derivative dv
dt

– Substantial time derivative Dv
Dt
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The Derivatives of Velocity


– Partial time derivative v
t x, y, z

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The Derivatives of Velocity

– Total time derivative
   

dv v v x v y v z
   
dt t x t y t z t

   

dv v v v v
  vx  v y  vz
dt t x y z

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The Derivatives of Velocity

– Substantial time derivative
   

Dv v v v v
  Vx  V y  Vz
Dt t x y z

v 
  (v  V)
t

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The Derivatives of Density

Partial time derivative 

t x, y, z
d   x  y  z
Total time derivative    
dt t x t y t z t

Substantial time derivative

D      
  vx  vy  vz   (v   )
Dt t x y z t

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Basic Transportation Law

Flux Gradient

Flux = Transport property × Gradient

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Fick’s Law of Diffusion – Mass Flux

C
jy  -D
y

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Fourier’s Law of Conduction –

Energy Flux
T
q y  -k
y

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Fourier’s Law of Conduction –

Energy Flux

 (   Cp  T)
q y  -
y

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Newton’s Law of Viscosity –

Momentum Flux
v x
 yx  -
y

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Three Basic Transport Laws

Flux = Transport property × Gradient

C
jy  -D
y
 (   Cp  T)
q y  -
y
(   v x )
 yx  -
y

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Newton’s Law of Viscosity

(   v x )
 yx  -
y

Perpendicular

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Momentum Transport
Momentum
 yx 
Area  Time

  dv d(mv)
F  ma  m 
dt dt
F
  Stress
Area

Momentum Flux ~ Stress

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Directions in Momentum Transport

v x (2)
 yx  - (1)
y

v x
The force of (1) to (2) is positive ( yx  0) but y  0

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Directions in Momentum Transport

(2)
v x (1)
 yx  -
y
The force of (2) to (1) is positive. ( yx  0)

Force is applied on the surface y in the negative direction.

The velocity gradient in the y direction is positive.

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Types of Fluid Flow

• Laminar and Turbulent Flow

– According to the velocity

• Newtonian and non-Newtonian Fluid

– According to the viscosity

v x
 yx  -
y

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Comparisons between Laminar and
Turbulent Flow

• Orderly flow • Disorderly flow

• Lower velocity • Higher velocity
• The speed and • The speed and
direction of the fluid direction of the fluid
are fixed. varies with time.
• Without velocity • With velocity fluctuation
fluctuation

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Determination of Laminar or Turbulent

Flow
Reynolds Number
Dv v 2
N Re   
 v / D

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