GIS and Remote Sensing

Image data availability

and incorporation into GIS

C. Prietzsch

The University of Texas, Department of Geological Sciences, Austin

Spatial data retrieval

 Remote sensing measurements of surface

characteristics
 surface hydrology
 soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer

 large area assessment

 spatial data
 temporal repetition
Overview

 data use in hydrological applications

 satellite systems
 image processing example
 software and data exchange
 new developments
Parameter retrieval for Hydrology

State variables Secondary parameters

 surface temperature  regions of varying ET
 surface soil moisture  ground water recharge
and discharge zones
 storm runoff contribution
Other spatial data
 hydrologic properties of
 land use categories soils
 vegetation biomass  spatial pollution
 surface roughness
 DEM
Available remote sensing systems I
Sensor System Global Spatial Temporal Frequency/Wavelength Parameter examples
Coverage Resolution Resolution
[days]

Optical scanners LANDSAT-TM multi-spectral

scanner
y 30m 17 450 – 520 nm
520 – 600 nm
630 – 690 nm
land use
NDVI, LAI, biomass
http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/s

spectrometers
760 – 900 nm ge/landsat/landsat.html
1550 – 1740 nm
10400 – 12500 nm

and
2080 – 2350 nm
SPOT HRV XS multispectral and y 5m PAN 26 500 – 590 nm DEM from stereoscopic
panchromatic 10m XS 610 – 680 nm data

altimeters
scanner 790 – 890 nm land use
plant parameters
http://www.spot.com
IRC-1C LISS-3 y 23m, 70m 24 520 - 590 nm land use
WIFS 188m 620 - 680 nm NDVI, LAI, biomass
770 - 860 nm http://www.euromap.de/
1550 - 1700 nm doc_004.htm
WIFS:
620 – 680 nm
770-860
NOAA/AVHRR advanced very high y 1.1km 12 580 - 680 nm NDVI
resolution 725 - 1100 nm clouds
radiometer 3550 - 3930 nm http://www.ncdc.noaa.go
10300 - 11300 nm v/ol/satellite/satellitereso
11500 - 12500 nm urces.html

Earth total ozone imaging y 39km x 1 360.0 nm aerosol, ozone, UV

Probe/TOMS spectrometer 39km 331.2 nm Radiation, atmospheric
322.3 nm chemistry
317.5 nm http://jwocky.gsfc.nasa.go
312.5 nm v/index.html
308.6 nm
GOES imaging y 1 km 2 550 - 750 nm clouds,
spectrometer 3800 - 4000 nm rainfall rates
6500 - 7000 nm http://www5.ncdc.noaa.g
10200 - 11200 nm ov/plwebapps/plsql/goesb
11500 - 12500 nm rowser.goesbrowsemain
TOPEX/ 2 Altimeters +/- 60 1.6 - 3 km 10 ALT: 13.6 GHz sea surface altimetry
Poseidon (ALT) SSALT: 16.6 GHz river and lake level
7 km altimetry
(SSALT) http://www-
ccar.colorado.edu/researc
Available remote sensing systems II
Sensor System Global Spatial Temporal Frequency/Wavelength Parameter examples
Coverage Resolution Resolution and web-page
[days]
SSM/I Radiometer y 70 x 45 1 19.35 GHz, HV soil moisture
60 x 40 22.24 GHz, V snow cover
38 x 30 37.00 GHz, HV sea ice
16 x 14 85.50 GHz, HV ocean surface wind speed
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov
/ol/satellite/ssmi/ssmiprod
ucts.html
ERS-2 ATSR along track y 20 km 3 MW Sounder: atmospheric water vapor,
scanning 1 km 23.8 GHz liquid water, sea state, sea
radiometer: 36.5 GHz surface temperature
MW sounder IRR: http://www.esa.esrin.it
and 1600 nm
IR Radiometer 3700 nm
11000 nm
12000 nm
ERS-2 RA radar altimeter mostly 16 – 20 km 3 330 MHz Ocean ocean level
oceans 82.5 MHz Ice ice, sea ice level
http://www.esa.esrin.it

ERS-2 Windscatterometer y 50 km 17 5.3 GHz, VV wind speed, ocean waves,

AMI-SAR mode sea ice

RADARSAT Scan SAR mode y e.g. 50 x 24 5.3 GHz, VV wind speed, ocean waves,
50 m sea ice
http://radarsat.space.gc.ca
Future remote sensing systems
Sensor System Global Spatial Temporal Frequency/Wavelength Parameter examples
Coverage Resolution Resolution
[days]
SRTM Shuttle Radar y 5 x 5 a 10 day 5.3 GHz DEM,
(1999) Topography Mission period surface roughness
http://www-
radar.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/
ENVISAT Advanced Synthetic y 30 – 75m < 17 5.3 GHz, VV surface roughness
A-SAR Aperture Radar snow water equivalent
(2000) freeze/thaw cycles
http://envisat.estec.esa.nl/
EOS MODIS Spectrometer y 0.25 km 1-2 app. 19 optical land surface temperat.
(2000) 0.5 km channels land/cloud boundaries
1 km land/cloud properties
atmosph. water vapor
http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/
MODIS/MODIS.html
http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/
MODIS/MAS/index.html
EOS ASTER Advance Space- y 15 m VIS 16 app. 14 optical evaporation
(2000) borne Thermal 30 m SWIR channels vegetation stress
Emission and 90 m TIR soil moisture
Reflection http://eos-
Radiometer am.gsfc.nasa.gov/aster.html
EOS MISR Multi-angle Imaging y 0.275 km 9 443 nm vegetation parameters
(2000) Spectro-radiometer 555 nm vegetation indices
670 nm http://eos-
865 nm am.gsfc.nasa.gov/misr.html
Future radar systems

Sensor Frequency Provider Program Launch web-page

Radarsat I and II Cvv, Chv CCRS RADARSAT http://radarsat.space.gc.ca
AMSR Adeos II Cv NASA EOS-PM 2000 http://lightsar.jpl.nasa.gov/
ASAR Cv ESA ENVISAT 2000 http://envisat.estec.esa.nl/in
struments/asar
Lightsar L-band NASA/JPL Lightsar 2002/2003 http://lightsar.jpl.nasa.gov/
polarimetric
SMOS Lhv ESA Living Planet (?) 2002-2004 ?
2-d
CMIS Chv US Weather Polar Orbiter 2007 ?
Data exchange with GIS
 decision for raster or vector GIS or hybrid systems
 data quantization and volume
 full exchange of geometry (e.g. regions) and attribute
table?
 handling of complex data formats (HDF, CDF)?
Spatial data resolution problem

 trade-off pixel size vs. spatial

coverage
 quantization and data volume
 data merge from different
sources
 grid displacement in time
 information content of different
resolutions
 raster-vector conversion
Information loss & pixel resolution
 spatial statistics to analyze information loss
Number of soil moisture patches
1200

1000

800
 see poster P1.8
number

600

400

200

0
time series of soil moisture images
800m 1600m 2400m

 Fragstats for raster data (free) 800m 1600m 2400m

 Fragstats for vector data by Innovative GIS Inc, Fort Collins, CO
www.innovativegis.com
Image processing software and
portability of formats
 ARC/Info GRID various basic raster formats, tif, sun, gis, lan,
img, bil, bip, bsq, grass, adrg, rlc
 Arcview ERDAS lan, img, grid, tif
 ERDAS IMAGINE Arc/info live link, no conversion needed
 PCI EASI PACE Arc/Info GeoGateway for multiple formats
 ENVI/IDL imports shapefiles, e00, dxf, USGS, SDTS, dlg,
exports ArcView grid, uses own vector format
 ERMAPPER various raster formats, import of dxf and
SeisWorks, uses own vector format
 other packages: TNT, IDRISI, ILWIS...
Image processing steps
 geometric and radiometric correction
 atmospheric correction
 subsetting, mosaic, enhancement
 geo-coding (map projection, spheroid, units)
 parameter extraction (multivariate statistics, regression
model, physical model etc.)
 post-processing (filtering, grouping, data reduction)
 Raster GIS: focal or global operations
 hybrid GIS: zonal/region-based operations, spatial
statistics
Raster data or hybrid GIS analysis
 Global or focal analysis
 find contiguous pixels
 eliminate data by area
 search for raster layer combinations
 define rules for overlay analysis
 pixel comparisons between images
Soil moisture
and
 zonal operations soil texture overlay
 spatial statistics in defined polygon overlays
 descriptives, diversity, proximity, neighborhood etc.
Atmospheric Correction
 LANDSAT-TM without and with atmospheric correction
Soil moisture retrieval from SAR
Image processing steps
 slant range correction
 speckle reduction (multi-looking)
 inversion modeling (physical
model) to obtain soil dielectric In v e rs io n M o d e l D u b o is e t a l. (1 9 9 5 )
constant   
hh  A
c o s  1.5 0 . 2 8  ta n 
10 ( k h s in  ) 1 . 4
sin  5
 conversion of  into %Vol with  c o s  3 0 . 4 6  ta n 
  10 ( k h s in  ) 1 .1
3rd order polynomial (e.g. Topp
vv
s in  3

et al. 1991)
 grouping into 5% classes
30

25

 raster-to-vector conversion or
Realpart of Dielectric Constant

20

15

raster use in GIS 10

0
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40

%Vol
soil water content [cm^3/cm^3]
Sand Loam sand Sand loam
Loam organic matter Topp et al.
Processing level of remote
sensing data
 raw data from the satellite
 system corrected, calibrated, geo-coded, terrain corrected
 atmospheric correction for optical data
 thematic evaluations (land use, NDVI, rainfall etc.)
 EXA-Byte tape, CD-ROM
 most commercial data formats are read by software
 generic binary format BSQ, BIL
Data providers

 EROS Data Center, edcwww.cr.usgs.gov

 RADARSAT Int., www.rsi.ca
 EOSAT, www.eosat.com
 ESA/ESRIN, www.esrin.esa.it
 EURIMAGE, www.eurimage.com
 NCDC, www2.ncdc.noaa.gov:80
 ...
3-D Visualization and analysis
 ERDAS IMAGINE Virtual GIS, www.erdas.com
 ESRI ArcView 3D Analyst, www.esri.com
 CLR PolyTRIM Polygonal Toolkit for Representation, Interaction and
Modelling, www.clr.utoronto.ca/POLYTRIM/polytrim.html
 Wooleysoft Visual Explorer 98 www.woolleysoft.co.uk/main.html
 CIRAD AMAP Advanced Modeler of the Architecture of Plants for SGI,
GrowthEngine, Texture, Terrain, Landmaker, Animation,
www.cirad.fr/logiciels/amap/amap.html
 TerraVision Artificial Intelligence Center, www.atsi.com/indexprod.html
 INTERGRAPH MGE Terrain Modeler, MGE Geologic Analyst, MGE Kriging
Modeler, MGE Voxel Analyst, MGE ModelView,
www.intergraph.com/iss/products/mapping/gis/msm.htm
 Questar Productions World Construction Set, www.questarproductions.com
 ERMapper, www.ermapper.com
 Konrad Zuse Center for Informationtechnology Berlin Amira, www.zib.de
Summary

 Remote sensing data provide large area

spatial data for GIS analysis and modeling
 basic thematic products are available
 image processing and model coupling is
often needed to retrieve quantitative data
 commercial software for combined evaluation
is widely available
 data merge should be done carefully