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Theoretical Foundation of Nursing

1. The document discusses the theoretical foundation of nursing, including defining theory, types of theories (grand, meta, middle-range, descriptive, and prescriptive), concepts, principles, phenomena, and the purpose of theories in nursing practice, education, and research. 2. Key concepts discussed include distinguishing nursing from non-nursing theories, applying appropriate nursing concepts and actions, and explaining the nursing paradigm based on four major concepts. 3. Theories provide frameworks to explain observations and guide nursing assessment, intervention, evaluation, and the generation of new knowledge.

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Ismael Jaani
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333 views36 pages

Theoretical Foundation of Nursing

1. The document discusses the theoretical foundation of nursing, including defining theory, types of theories (grand, meta, middle-range, descriptive, and prescriptive), concepts, principles, phenomena, and the purpose of theories in nursing practice, education, and research. 2. Key concepts discussed include distinguishing nursing from non-nursing theories, applying appropriate nursing concepts and actions, and explaining the nursing paradigm based on four major concepts. 3. Theories provide frameworks to explain observations and guide nursing assessment, intervention, evaluation, and the generation of new knowledge.

Uploaded by

Ismael Jaani
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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THEORETICAL

FOUNDATION OF
NURSING
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the module, students should be able to:

1. distinguish the different concept used in the discussion of


nursing and non- nursing theories;
2. apply appropriate nursing concept and actions in a given
relevant health and nursing situation; and
3. explain the nursing paradigm based on four major concepts
of nursing.
Theoreticalfoundationofnursing
■ THEORY
 a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially
based on general principles independent of the thing to be
explained. "Darwin's theory of evolution“

 is a group of linked ideas intended to explain something.

 provides a framework for explaining observations.


 The explanations are based on assumptions.
 From the assumptions follows a number of possible hypotheses.
TYPES OF THEORIES

1. Grand Theories

 Are simply known to speak about a broad range of important


relationship among concepts of a discipline.

 They are made up of concepts ( ideally well defined; a general


notion) (kaisipan) representing common and extremely complex
phenomena (an observable fact or event) (kababalaghan)
Grand Theories of Nursing

1. General Systems Theory - Imogene King.


2. Modeling and Role Modeling Theory - Erickson, Tomlin, and
Swain.
3. Transcultural Nursing (formerly Culture-Care) - Madeleine
Leininger.
4. Conservation Model - Myra Estrine Levine.
5. Health as Expanding Consciousness - Margaret Newman.
2. Meta-theories

 They are formal, highly abstract theoretical systems that frame


our disciplinary knowledge within the principles of nursing,
and their concepts and propositions transcend specific events
and patient populations.
3. Midldle – Range Theory

 A theory comprising limited numbers of variables, each of limited


scope.

 are generated or tested by means of research, and are used as the


evidence for practice activities, such as assessment and intervention.

 include Orlando's theory of the deliberative nursing process,


Peplau's theory of interpersonal relations, and Watson's theory of
human caring.
4. Descriptive Theory
 seek to understand rationality by describing and capturing in
statistical terms the decisions that people make. And the
recapitulation of decisions that people make constitutes rational
decision making.
 are used to describe, develop, disseminate, and use
previous/present knowledge in nursing. Descriptive theory
identifies properties and components of a discipline. They
identify meaning and observations and describe what elements
exist in that discipline.
5. Prescriptive Theory
 Also referred to as Situation-Producing Theory, is a type of
theory that stipulates what the healthcare professional must do
to attain a prescribed goal.
 The prescription is the action that the nurse deems appropriate
to fulfill the main purpose.
What is knowledge?
 information, skills and expertise acquired by a person
through various life experiences or through informal/ formal
learning such as formal education, self study, vocational.
Traditional knowledge
- Is a nursing practice which is passed down from generation
to generation
- It’s always been practiced this way
- Example: routinely changing of linens whether it is soiled or
not
■ Authoritative knowledge
- Is an idea by a person of authority which is perceived as true
because of his or her expertise
- Example: clinical setting in which a nurse supervisor who is
considered expert in this field is teaching a nurse beginner
on the proper insertion of a urinary catheter.
■ Scientific knowledge
- Is a type of knowledge which came from a scientific method
through research.
- These new ideas are tested and measured systematically
using objective criteria
- Example: a student nurse is providing Tepid sponge bath
TSB to a patient with fever.
- Behind this procedure which is heat transfer through
evaporation (basic physics)
Nursing theory aims to describe, predict and explain the
phenomenon of nursing (Chinn and Jacobs 1978). It should
provide the foundations of nursing practice, help to generate
further knowledge and indicate in which direction nursing should
develop in the future (Brown 1964)
Why do we need nursing theory?

 Theory is integral to the research process where it is important


to use theory as a framework to provide perspective and
guidance to the research study.

 The primary purpose of theory in the profession of nursing is to


improve practice by positively influence the health and quality
of life of patients.
Concepts
 Are defined as abstract ideas or general notions that
occur in the mind, in speech, or in thought.

 They are understood to be the fundamental building


blocks of thoughts and beliefs.
Types of concepts
 Abstract concepts
- Are indirectly observed or intangible.
- It is independent of time and place
- Examples: love, care and freedom
 Concrete concepts
- Are directly observe or tangible
- Examples: nurse, mother and pain
PRINCIPLE

 a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation


for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning.
 "the basic principles of Christianity“
 An example of principle is a list of values set by a group of
people.
Phenomenon is an extraordinary occurrence or
circumstance. In the 1950s, rock-n-roll was considered a new
cultural phenomenon, while today we think of crop circles as a
mysterious phenomenon.
■ In nursing, phenomena can be:
Clinical or environmental setting of nursing – health center
Disease process – stomach ulcer
Client’s behavior – guarding behavior at the pain site
Interventions – care of the client in pain
Practices – that are utilized in nursing theories and
metaparadigms ( person, health, environment and nursing)
Nursing phenomena have been defined as concepts,
constructs, nursing diagnoses, human responses to actual or
potential illness, life processes, behaviors (signs), or experiences
(symptoms).
■ Explaining your own beliefs, and values help one identify
their self-awareness of what really triggers their
professional practice. An individual's values often impact
one's ethics. A person's culture, education, social group or
even past experiences can have a positive or a negative
effect on a nurse.
PURPOSE OF THEORIES
In Practice
 Assist nurses to describe, explain, and predict everyday
experience
 Serve to guide assessment, intervention and evaluation of
nursing care
 Provide a rationale for collecting reliable and valid data about
the health status of clients, which are essential for effective
decision making and implementation
 Help establish criteria to measure the quality of nursing care
 Help build a common nursing terminology to use in
communicating with other health professionals. Ideas are
developed and words defined
 Enhance autonomy (independence and self-governance) of
nursing by defining its own independent functions.
B. In Education
 Provide a general focus for curriculum design
 Guide curricular decision making

C. In Research
 Offer a framework for generating knowledge and new ideas
 Assist in discovering knowledge gaps in specific field of study
 Offer a systematic approach to identify findings and validate
nursing interventions.

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