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Social Organizations: 1. Primary & Secondary Group 2. In-Group & Out-Group 3. Networks 4. Reference Group

The document discusses various concepts related to social organization and culture. It defines primary and secondary groups, in-groups and out-groups, social networks, and reference groups. Primary groups consist of close-knit relationships while secondary groups are more impersonal. In-groups are those we identify with, while out-groups are those we see as different. Social networks connect individuals through both strong and weak ties. Reference groups influence our behaviors and serve as standards of comparison.

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Analyn Fabian
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218 views14 pages

Social Organizations: 1. Primary & Secondary Group 2. In-Group & Out-Group 3. Networks 4. Reference Group

The document discusses various concepts related to social organization and culture. It defines primary and secondary groups, in-groups and out-groups, social networks, and reference groups. Primary groups consist of close-knit relationships while secondary groups are more impersonal. In-groups are those we identify with, while out-groups are those we see as different. Social networks connect individuals through both strong and weak ties. Reference groups influence our behaviors and serve as standards of comparison.

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Analyn Fabian
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© © All Rights Reserved
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UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY & POLITICS

SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
1. Primary & Secondary Group
2. In-group & Out-group
3. Networks
4. Reference group
PRIMARY & SECONDARY GROUP
 People have organized themselves into groups with common rules of living. The organization
of such groups is called society.
 Applying Goethe’s method to social life, Rudolf Steiner concluded that if we apply the
phenomenological, participatory method to human social life as a multifaceted, multilayered
whole, we can distinguish three different spheres of activity−−cultural, legal or political, and
economic.
 Social organization or social system refers to the interdependence of parts in groups. These
groups may vary in size and nature.
 A social group consists of two or more people who regularly interact and share a sense of
unity and collective identity.
 Primary groups are groups that are tightly united, typically small scale, with intimate
relationships, and are usually long lasting.
 Secondary groups can be small or large, are mostly impersonal, and usually short term.
These groups are typically found at work or at school.
DIFFERENT SOCIAL GROUPS OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
 The power elite is run by a small group representing the wealthiest,
most powerful, and most influential people in government, business,
and the military.
Example: A generous business person may make substantial
contributions to a political candidate.

 Voluntary associations are groups that people choose to join,


wherein members are united by the pursuit of a common goal.
Example: a parent-teacher association at a particular school
DIFFERENT SOCIAL GROUPS OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
 Formal organizations are secondary groups organized to achieve
specific goals. Legal organizations tend to be larger and more impersonal
than voluntary associations.
Example: A corporation is usually a formal organization. The very specific
goal of most companies is to increase profits.

Bureaucracy is a type of formal organization in which a rational


approach is used to handle large tasks. The bureaucratic organization is
highly organized with a high degree of formality in the way it operates.
Examples: colleges and universities
IN-GROUP AND OUT-GROUP
An in-group is an exclusive social group formed out of shared
interest and identity. This is the “we” group in society from
which people’s loyalty is bestowed upon. This type of group
satisfies the old saying "birds of the same feather flock
together.'' It is in this group where people feel more comfortable
and secured, with no threat, intimidation or conflict of interest.
Members of this group consist of those who share common
experiences or ideas in life.
Examples include friendship groups, families, and religious groups.
IN-GROUP AND OUT-GROUP
An out-group, on the other hand, is a social group associated with
competition or opposition as its nature is different from one’s own.
This is the “they” of society, where a person is not a part of or does
not belong to the group. The formation of out-groups is the result of
perceived differences.
One’s out-group includes those groups one dislikes or disregards. It
is also that group where one does not feel happy personality-,
interest-, or ability-wise.
ISSUES SURROUNDING IN-GROUPS AND OUT-GROUPS
ISSUES SURROUNDING IN-GROUPS AND OUT-GROUPS
 In-group favoritism happens when a person favors or
offers special treatment to in-group members over out-group
members. This activity may disregard merit and result to
serious social situations such as corruption, crime,
and padrino system.
 Out-group homogeneity is the tendency of a person to
classify those people who are not in their in-group as being
similar to one another. In short, people overgeneralize and
label out-groups in a negative manner.
SOCIAL NETWORKS
A social network is a social structure comprised of individuals joined by a
certain pattern of links or relations. Social networks are indicative of a
person or an organization's relationships as either casual and informal or
personal and intimate. This is often regarded as individuals' basic tool to
connect to society.
Designed to connect people and make the world seem borderless, social
media websites like Twitter or Facebook are social networks. In a click,
updates about an individual may reach his friends and friends of friends as
well. People listed in your phone book are your social networks.
Membership to organizations or companies guarantees a social network.
SOCIAL NETWORKS
Ties and Nodes

 As mentioned, social networks are composed of individuals and the


connections or links that bind them together. These components of a network
are called 'nodes' and 'ties.‘
 The person or organization playing a part in a network is known as a node. On
the other hand, ties are the links or connections that bind individuals or
organizations together.
 They may be weak or strong. Measured by strength, strong ties are the result
of intimate and personal links. Meanwhile, weak ties are connections caused by
informal, casual, and business-like relationships.
SOCIAL NETWORKS
The Importance of Social Networks

• Through networks, social linkages or connections are formed. It is important to


note that these networks serve a role in the attainment of the goals of society.
Through networks, people get connected, get updated, and become aware.
• Networks are media for the spread and exchange of ideas. News awareness,
information relay, and rumors are good examples. Some people also use their
networks to obtain a position in a company, to make a business successful, or to
earn a living.
• Social networks undoubtedly serve as social support and provide people with
information or guidance in times of need.
REFERENCE GROUPS AND ITS NORMATIVE FUNCTIONS
 Reference Groups are groups that serve as our standards in setting and
evaluating our own behaviors and attitudes.
 When reference groups serve a purpose of setting your norms and
values, these are normative reference groups. These groups directly
influence the behavior of a person, serving as a role model, standard, or
base point.
 Your immediate family and friends are considered a normative
reference group. The way they are is the way you are. Your mentors or
celebrity idols also shape your personality. In hopes of being identified
with them, people opt to act, speak, dress, and think the way they do.
REFERENCE GROUPS AND ITS COMPARATIVE
FUNCTIONS
 Groups whose norms and values serve as a point of
comparison for certain behaviors.
 For body figure, teenagers look up to supermodels as
references. For skills in basketball, enthusiasts play by the
rules of professional basketball players from the NBA or
PBA.
 To check whether he fares well in his exams, a student
may compare his score from that of his class's best
students.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF REFERENCE GROUPS
 Aspirational reference groups refers to people or groups of people with whom
we want to be compared with. Product advertisers and celebrities like athletes,
movie stars, or talk show hosts are fine examples of this reference group. People
think that by supporting their favorite celebrity, they become associated with
them.
 Associative reference groups refer to groups where we belong and take part
in. These people include our neighbors, coworkers, club members, or church
members. People have a tendency to confine with what is on trend in their
immediate community.
 Dissociative reference groups refers to groups that people have no interest in
being associated with. This group of people includes those with whom we share
conflicts in interest, attitude, or behavior.

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