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Ch. 8 Momentum, Impulse and Collsions

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107 views29 pages

Ch. 8 Momentum, Impulse and Collsions

Uploaded by

Mark Ronald Suaiso
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 8

Momentum, Impulse,
and Collisions
PowerPoint® Lectures for
University Physics, Thirteenth Edition
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman

Lectures by Wayne Anderson


Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Goals for Chapter 8
• To learn the meaning of the momentum of a particle
and how an impulse causes it to change
• To learn how to use the conservation of momentum

• To learn how to solve problems involving collisions

• To learn the definition of the center of mass of a


system and what determines how it moves
• To analyze situations, such as rocket propulsion, in
which the mass of a moving body changes

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Introduction
• In many situations, such as a bullet hitting a carrot, we
cannot use Newton’s second law to solve problems because
we know very little about the complicated forces involved.
• In this chapter, we shall introduce momentum and impulse,
and the conservation of momentum, to solve such problems.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Momentum and Newton’s second law
• The momentum of a
particle is the product
of its mass and its

velocity: p = mv .

• Newton’s second law
can be written in
terms of momentum

as  dp
 F  dt .

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Impulse and momentum
• The impulse of a force is the
product of the force and the
time interval during which it
acts.
• On a graph of Fx versus time,
the impulse is equal to the area
under the curve, as shown in
Figure 8.3 to the right.
• Impulse-momentum theorem:
The change in momentum of a
particle during a time interval
is equal to the impulse of the
net force acting on the particle
during that interval.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Compare momentum and kinetic energy
• Changes in momentum
depend on the time
over which the net
force acts, but changes
in kinetic energy
depend on the distance
over which the net
force acts. (See Figure
8.4 to the right.)
• Follow Conceptual
Example 8.1.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


A ball hits a wall
• In Example 8.2, a ball rebounds from a wall.

• Follow Example 8.2 using Figure 8.5 below.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Kicking a soccer ball
• In Example 8.3, a kick changes the direction of a soccer ball.
• Follow Example 8.3 using Figure 8.7 below.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


An isolated system
• The total momentum of a system of particles is the vector sum
of the momenta of the individual particles.

• No external forces act on the isolated system consisting of the


two astronauts shown below, so the total momentum of this
system is conserved.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Conservation of momentum
• External forces (the normal
force and gravity) act on the
skaters shown in Figure 8.9
at the right, but their vector
sum is zero. Therefore the
total momentum of the
skaters is conserved.
• Conservation of momentum:
If the vector sum of the
external forces on a system
is zero, the total momentum
of the system is constant.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Remember that momentum is a vector!
• When applying conservation
of momentum, remember
that momentum is a vector
quantity!
• Use vector addition to add
momenta, as shown in
Figure 8.10 at the right.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Recoil of a rifle
• In Example 8.4, a rifle fires a bullet, causing the rifle to
recoil.
• Follow Example 8.4, using Problem-Solving Strategy
8.1 and Figure 8.11 shown below.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Objects colliding along a straight line
• Two gliders collide on an air track in Example 8.5.

• Follow Example 8.5 using Figure 8.12 as shown below.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


A two-dimensional collision
• Two robots collide
and go off at
different angles.
• Follow Example
8.6 using Figure
8.13 at the right.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Elastic collisions
• In an elastic collision, the
total kinetic energy of the
system is the same after the
collision as before.
• Figure 8.14 at the left
illustrates an elastic
collision between air track
gliders.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Inelastic collisions

• In an inelastic collision, the


total kinetic energy after the
collision is less than before the
collision.
• A collision in which the
bodies stick together is called
a completely inelastic collision
(see Figure 8.15 at the right).
• In any collision in which the
external forces can be
neglected, the total momentum
is conserved.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Some inelastic collisions

• Cars are intended to have


inelastic collisions so the car
absorbs as much energy as
possible.

• Follow Example 8.7, which


illustrates a completely
inelastic collision, and use
Figure 8.17 at the right.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


The ballistic pendulum
• Ballistic pendulums are
used to measure bullet
speeds.
• Follow Example 8.8 and
Figure 8.18 at right.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


An automobile collision
• Follow Example 8.9, in which two cars traveling at right
angles collide. See Figure 8.19 below.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Elastic collisions
• As Figures 8.22 and
8.23 show, the behavior
of the colliding objects
is greatly affected by
their relative masses.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


An elastic straight-line collision
• Follow Example 8.10, referring to Figure 8.24 below.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Neutron collisions in a nuclear reactor
• Follow Example 8.11 using Figure 8.25 below.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


A two-dimensional elastic collision
• Follow Example 8.12 using Figure 8.26 below.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Center of mass of a water molecule
• Follow Example 8.13 which investigates a water molecule.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Center of mass of symmetrical objects

• It is easy to find the center


of mass of a homogeneous
symmetric object, as shown
in Figure 8.28 at the left.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Motion of the center of mass

• The total momentum of a system


is equal to the total mass times
the velocity of the center of mass.

• The center of mass of the wrench


in Figure 8.29 at the right moves
as though all the mass were
concentrated there.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Tug-of-war on the ice
• Follow Example 8.14, in which a tug-of-war occurs on
frictionless ice.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


External forces and center-of-mass motion
• When a body or collection of particles is acted upon by
external forces, the center of mass moves as though all the
mass were concentrated there (see Figure 8.31 below).

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Rocket propulsion
• As a rocket burns fuel, its mass decreases, as shown
in Figure 8.32 below.
• Follow Example 8.15 (Acceleration of a rocket).

• Follow Example 8.16 (Speed of a rocket).

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

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