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Ch. 20 - Second Law of Thermodynamics

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224 views36 pages

Ch. 20 - Second Law of Thermodynamics

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Mark Ronald Suaiso
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 20

The Second Law of


Thermodynamics
PowerPoint® Lectures for
University Physics, Thirteenth Edition
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman

Lectures by Wayne Anderson


Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Goals for Chapter 20
• To learn what makes a process reversible or irreversible
• To understand heat engines and their efficiency
• To see how internal combustion engines operate
• To learn the operation of refrigerators and heat engines
• To see how the second law of thermodynamics limits the
operations of heat engines and refrigerators
• To do calculations with Carnot engines and refrigerators
• To understand entropy and to use it to analyze
thermodynamic processes

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Introduction
• Why does heat flow from
the hot lava into the cooler
water? Could it flow the
other way?
• It is easy to convert
mechanical energy
completely into heat, but
not the reverse. Why not?
• We need to use the second
law of thermodynamics
and the concept of entropy
to answer the above
questions.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Directions of thermodynamic processes
• The direction of a reversible process can be reversed by an
infinitesimal change in its conditions. The system is always in
or very close to thermal equilibrium. All other thermodynamic
processes are irreversible.
• Figure 20.1 illustrates an irreversible and a reversible process.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Heat engines
• A heat engine is any device
that partly transforms heat into
work or mechanical energy.
• Simple heat engines operate
on a cyclic process during
which they absorb heat QH
from a hot reservoir and
discard some heat QC to a cold
reservoir.
• Figure 20.3 at the right shows
a schematic energy-flow
diagram for a heat engine.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


The efficiency of a heat engine
• The thermal efficiency e of a heat
engine is the fraction of QH that is
converted to work.
• e = W/QH
• Read Problem-Solving Strategy
20.1.
• Follow Example 20.1 to analyze a
heat engine using Figure 20.4 at the
right.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Example 20.1

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Internal-combustion engines
• Figure 20.5 below illustrates a four-stroke internal-combustion
engine. The compression ratio r is the ratio of the maximum
volume to the minimum volume during the cycle.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


The Otto cycle and the Diesel cycle
• Figures 20.6 and 20.7 below show pV-diagrams for idealized Otto
cycle and Diesel cycle engines. In both cases, the efficiency
depends on the compression ratio r.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Refrigerators
• A refrigerator takes heat from a cold
place (inside the refrigerator) and
gives it off to a warmer place (the
room). An input of mechanical work is
required to do this.
• A refrigerator is essentially a heat
engine operating in reverse.
• Figure 20.8 at the right shows an
energy-flow diagram of a refrigerator.
• The coefficient of performance K of a
refrigerator is K = |QC|/|W|.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Practical refrigerators
• Figure 20.9 below shows the principle of the
mechanical refrigeration cycle and how the key
elements are arranged in a practical refrigerator.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Air conditioner
• An air conditioner works on the same principle as a refrigerator.
(See Figure 20.10 below.)
• A heat pump operates in a similar way.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


The second law of thermodynamics
• The second law of
thermodynamics can be
stated in several ways:
 No cyclic process can
convert heat completely
into work.
 No cyclic process can
transfer heat from a colder
place to a hotter place
without the input of
mechanical work.
• Figure 20.11 at the right
illustrates both statements.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


The Carnot cycle
• A Carnot cycle has two adiabatic segments and two isothermal
segments.
• The pV-diagram in Figure 20.13 below shows the complete cycle.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Analyzing a Carnot cycle
• Follow the derivation
of the efficiency of a
Carnot engine.
• eCarnot = 1 – TC/TH
• Follow Example 20.2
using Figure 20.14 at
the right.
• Follow Example 20.3.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Example 20.2

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Example 20.3

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
The Carnot refrigerator
• A Carnot engine run in reverse is a Carnot refrigerator.
• The coefficient of performance of a Carnot refrigerator
is Kcarnot = TC/(TH – TC)

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


The Carnot cycle and the second law
• No engine can be more efficient than a Carnot engine operating
between the same two temperatures. Follow the proof of this in
the text, using Figure 20.15 below.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Entropy and disorder
• Entropy provides a quantitative
measure of disorder. The
explosion of the firecracker in
Figure 20.17 increases its
disorder and entropy.
• Follow the discussion in the text
of the entropy for reversible
processes.
• Follow Example 20.5 for
melting ice.
• Follow Example 20.6 for
heating water.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Example 20.5

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Example 20.6

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Entropy change in some adiabatic processes
• Follow Conceptual Example 20.7.
• Follow Example 20.8 using Figure 20.18 below.
• Follow Example 20.9.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Entropy in cyclic processes
• The entropy change during any reversible cycle is zero. Figure
20.19 below helps to explain why.
• For an irreversible process the entropy of an isolated system
always increases. Entropy is not a conserved quantity.
• Follow Example 20.10.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Example 20.7

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Example 20.8

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Example 20.9

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Example 20.10

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Entropy and the second law
• The second law of thermodynamics can be stated in terms of
entropy: No process is possible in which the total entropy of an
isolated system decreases.
• In Figure 20.20 below, the entropy (disorder) of the ink-water
system increases as the ink mixes with the water. Spontaneous
unmixing of the ink and water is never observed.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Microscopic interpretation of entropy
• Follow the discussion of the
microscopic interpretation of
entropy, using Figure 20.21
at the right.
• The entropy of a macrostate
having w microstates is
S = k ln w.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


A microscopic calculation of entropy change
• Follow Example 20.11 for a free expansion using Figure 20.22
below.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Example 20.10

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Summary

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Summary

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Key Equations

W Q Q
e  1 C  1 C  thermal efficiency of an engine (20.4)
QH QH QH

1
e  1  thermal efficiency in Otto cycle (20.6)
r  1

QC QC
K   coefficient of performance of a refrigerator  (20.9)
W QH  QC

TC TH  TC
eCarnot  1    efficiency of a Carnot engine (20.14)
TH TH

TC
KCarnot   coefficient of performance of a Carnot refrigerator  (20.15)
TH  TC

dQ
S    entropy change in a reversible process 
2
(20.19)
1 T

S  k ln w  microscopic expression for entropy (20.22)

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

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