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Subject 10/10
Submitted to:
Ar. Kym Jaffna h. pineda
ELECTRICAL WIRINGS AND
CABLES
ELECTRICAL WIRINGS AND
CABLES
 Size of Wires 
 Each application requires a certain wire size for installation, and the right
size for a specific application is determined by the wire gauge. Sizing of wire
is done by the American wire gauge system. Common wire sizes are 10, 12
and 14 – a higher number means a smaller wire size, and affects the amount
of power it can carry. 
 Wire Lettering 
The letters THHN, THWN, THW and XHHN represent the main insulation types of
individual wires. These letters depict the following NEC requirements:
•T – Thermoplastic insulation
•H – Heat resistance
•HH – High heat resistance (up to 194°F)
•W – Suitable for wet locations
•N – Nylon coating, resistant to damage by oil or gas
•X – Synthetic polymer that is flame-resistant
 ELECTRICAL WIRINGS AND
CABLES
 Color Codes 
Different color wires serve different purposes, like:.
Black : Hot wire, for switches or outlets.
Red : Hot wire, for switch legs. Also for connecting wire between 2
hardwired smoke detectors.
Blue and Yellow : Hot wires, pulled in conduit. Blue for 3-4 way switch
application, and yellow for switch legs to control fan, lights etc.
White : Always neutral.
Green and Bare Copper : Only for grounding.

Wire Gauge, Ampacity and Wattage Load

To determine the correct wire, it is important to understand what ampacity

and wattage a wire can carry per gauge. Wire gauge is the size of the wire,
ampacity is how much electricity can flow through the wire and wattage is
the load a wire can take, which is always mentioned on the appliances.
 Types of Electrical Wire
Triplex Wires
Triplex wires are usually used in single-phase service drop conductors,
between the power pole and weather heads. They are composed of two
insulated aluminum wires wrapped with a third bare wire which is used as a
common neutral. The neutral is usually of a smaller gauge and grounded at
both the electric meter and the transformer.
Main Feeder Wires
Main power feeder wires are the wires that connect the service weather head
to the house. They’re made with stranded or solid THHN wire and the cable
installed is 25% more than the load required.

Panel Feed Wires

Panel feed cables are generally black insulated THHN wire. These are used to
power the main junction box and the circuit breaker panels. Just like main
power feeder wires, the cables should be rated for 25% more than the actual
load.
 TRIPLEX

Main feeder Panel feed

 Types of Electrical Wire
Non-Metallic Sheathed Wires
 Non-metallic sheath wire, or Romex, is used in most homes and has 2-3
conductors, each with plastic insulation, and a bare ground wire. The
individual wires are covered with another layer of non-metallic sheathing.
Since it’s relatively cheaper and available in ratings for 15, 20 and 20 amps,
this type is preferred for in-house wiring.

Single Strand Wires

Single strand wire also uses THHN wire, though there are other variants.
Each wire is separate and multiple wires can be drawn together through a
pipe easily. Single strand wires are the most popular choice for layouts that
use pipes to contain wires.
 Single strand

non metallic sheathed

Understanding Electrical Cable
Cable Color Code

Color coding of cable insulation is done to determine active, neutral and

earth conductors. The NEC has not prescribed any color for phase/active
conductors. Different countries/regions have different cable color coding,
and it is essential to know what is applicable in your region. However, active
conductors cannot be green/yellow, green, yellow, light blue or black.

Cable Size

Cable size is the gauge of individual wires within the cable, such as 14, 12,
10 etc. – again, the bigger the number, the smaller the size. The number of
wires follows the wire-gauge on a cable. So, 10/3 would indicate the
presence of 3 wires of 10-gauge within the cable. Ground wire, if present, is
not indicated by this number, and is represented by the letter ‘G’.
 Types of Electrical Cables
Non-Metallic Sheathed Cable
These cables are also known as non-metallic building wire or NM cables.
They feature a flexible plastic jacket with two to four wires (TECK cables
are covered with thermoplastic insulation) and a bare wire for grounding.
Special varieties of this cable are used for underground or outdoor use, but
NM-B and NM-C non-metallic sheathed cables are the most common form
of indoor residential cabling.

Underground Feeder Cable

These cables are quite similar to NM cables, but instead of each wire being
individually wrapped in thermoplastic, wires are grouped together and
embedded in the flexible material. Available in a variety of gauge sizes, UF
cables are often used for outdoor lighting and in-ground applications. Their
high water-resistance makes them ideal for damp areas like gardens as well
as open-to-air lamps, pumps, etc.
Underground Feeder Cable
 Types of Electrical Cables
Metallic Sheathed Cable

Also known as armored or BX cables, metal-sheathed cables are often used

to supply mains electricity or for large appliances. They feature three plain
stranded copper wires (one wire for the current, one grounding wire and one
neutral wire) that are insulated with cross-linked polyethylene, PVC bedding
and a black PVC sheathing. BX cables with steel wire sheathing are often
used for outdoor applications and high-stress installations.

Multi-Conductor Cable
This is a cable type that is commonly used in homes, since it is simple to use
and well-insulated. Multi-conductor or multi-core (MC) cables feature more
than one conductor, each of which is insulated individually. In addition, an
outer insulation layer is added for extra security. Different varieties are used
in industries, like the audio multicore ‘snake cable’ used in the music
industry.
Multi conductor cable

Metallic sheathed cable

 Types of Electrical Cables
Coaxial Cable
A coaxial (sometimes heliax) cable features a tubular insulating layer that
protects an inner conductor which is further surrounded by a tubular
conducting shield, and might also feature an outer sheath for extra insulation.
Called ‘coaxial’ since the two inner shields share the same geometric axis,
these cables are normally used for carrying television signals and connecting
video equipment.

Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable

Like the name suggests, this type consists of two wires that are twisted
together. The individual wires are not insulated, which makes this cable
perfect for signal transmission and video applications. Since they are more
affordable than coaxial or optical fiber cables, UTP cables are often used in
telephones, security cameras and data networks. For indoor use, UTP cables
with copper wires or solid copper cores are a popular choice, since they are
flexible and can be easily bent for in-wall installation.
 Types of Electrical Cables
Ribbon Cable
Ribbon cables are often used in computers and peripherals, with various
conducting wires that run parallel to each other on a flat plane, leading to a
visual resemblance to flat ribbons. These cables are quite flexible and can
only handle low voltage applications.

Direct-Buried Cable
Also known as DBCs, these cables are specially-designed coaxial or
bundled fiber-optic cables, which do not require any added sheathing,
insulation or piping before being buried underground. They feature a heavy
metal core with many layers of banded metal sheathing, heavy rubber
coverings, shock-absorbing gel and waterproof wrapped thread-fortified
tape. High tolerance to temperature changes, moisture and other
environmental factors makes them a popular choice for transmission or
communication requirements.
Ribbon cable
 Types of Electrical Cables
Twin-Lead Cable
These are flat two-wire cables that are used for transmission between an
antenna and receiver, like TV and radio.

Twinaxial Cable
This is a variant of coaxial cables, which features two inner conductors
instead of one and is used for very-short-range high-speed signals.

Paired Cable
With two individually insulated conductors, this cable is normally used in DC
or low-frequency AC applications.

Twisted Pair
This cable is similar to paired cables, but the inner insulated wires are twisted
or intertwined.
 Twin axial cable

Paired cable Twisted pair cable

ELECTRICAL raceways
 ELECTRICAL raceways
It refers to durable tubing or other types of enclosure used to protect and
provide a route for individual electrical wiring conductors. Raceway is
typically required where wiring is exposed or where it might be subject to
damage. It can be made of metal or plastic and may be rigid or flexible. All
conduit/raceways are installed with compatible fittings (couplings, elbows,
connectors) and electrical boxes, usually made of the same or similar
material. It must be installed in accordance with the National Electrical
Code (NEC) and all applicable local code rules.

 Raceway 
It is an enclosed conduit that forms a physical pathway for electrical wiring.
Raceways protect wires and cables from heat, humidity, corrosion, water
intrusion and general physical threats.

 Conduit 

It is the tube or trough for protecting electric wiring. A conduit can also be
referred to as a duct, pipe, tube, channel, gutter or trench.
 Types of raceways
Rigid Metal Conduit—RMC and IMC

It is heavy-duty galvanized steel tubing that is installed with threaded fittings. It is

typically used outdoors to provide protection from damage and can also provide
structural support for electrical cables, panels, and other equipment. RMC is sold in
10- and 20-foot lengths and has threads on both ends. Intermediate metal conduit, or
IMC, is a thinner, lighter-weight version of rigid metal conduit and is approved for use
in all of the same applications as RMC. Because IMC is lighter and easier to work with
than RMC, it is more common in new construction.

Electrical Metallic Tubing—EMT

EMT is also called "thin-wall" conduit because it is thin and lightweight, especially
compared to RMC. EMT is rigid but can be bent with a simple tool called a conduit
bender. It is installed with couplings and fittings that are secured with setscrew or
compression-type fasteners. The tubing itself is not threaded like RMC and IMC.
Common sizes of EMT include 1/2-inch, 3/4-inch, and 1-inch. It is commonly used for
exposed indoor wiring runs in residential and light commercial construction. If
installed outdoors in exposed locations, it must be assembled with special watertight
fittings.
Rigid metal conduit
Electrical Metallic
Tubing
 Types of raceways
Electrical Non-Metallic Tubing—ENT

Electrical nonmetallic tubing (ENT) is flexible corrugated plastic tubing that is

moisture-resistant and flame-retardant. It is easy to bend and installs with snap-lock or
glued plastic fittings. Unlike EMT, non-metallic tubing cannot installed in exposed
locations, so it is commonly used inside walls. In addition to installation in standard
wood- or metal-frame walls, ENT can be installed inside concrete block structures and
can be covered with concrete. Due to the blue color of one common brand of this
conduit, ENT is nicknamed "smurf tube," after the Smurfs cartoon characters.

Flexible Metal Conduit—FMC and LFMC

Flexible metal conduit (FMC) is also called "Greenfield," after the name of its
inventor. It has a spiral construction that makes it flexible so it can snake through walls
and other structures. Standard FMC is used in dry indoor locations, often for short runs
between a wall box and a motor or fixed appliance, such as a garbage disposer. Liquid-
tight flexible metal conduit (LFMC) is a special type of flexible metal conduit that has
a plastic coating and is used with sealed fittings to make it watertight. It is commonly
used with outdoor equipment, such as air conditioner units.
Electrical non metallic Flexible metal conduit
tubing
 Types of raceways
Rigid PVC Conduit

Rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is similar to plastic plumbing pipe and is installed with
plastic fittings that are glued in place. It can be bent after being heated in a portable
heater box. Because the conduit tubing and fittings are glued together, the conduit
assemblies can be watertight, making PVC suitable for direct burial in the ground for
many applications. It is also allowed in corrosive environments.

Conduit Aluminum

Conduit Aluminum is a thick-walled threaded tubing and it is usually made of coated

steel, stainless steel, or aluminum.

Conduit PVC Coated

It is perfect to use in corrosive environments. Conduit PVC Coated is available in both

rigid steel and aluminum. It is a key link in a raceway system and is designed to beat the
high cost of corrosion damage.
Rigid pvc conduit
Aluminum conduit

Conduit pvc coated

 Types of raceways
Flexible Conduit

It is available in many different options. There are two different wall thicknesses. The
thicker flexible metal conduit is full wall and the thinner wall product is reduced wall
flexible metal conduit. There is a large selection of Flexible Conduit that has a variety
of industrial and professional uses.

Greenfield

The helical coiling of a self-interlocked ribbed strip of aluminum or steel makes

Greenfield (FMC). This forms a hollow tube through which wires can be pulled.

Sealtite

It is constructed of continuously interlocked hot dipped zinc galvanized steel core for
exceptional crush and corrosion resistance. It is approved for direct burial and in
concrete trade sizes. It is durable, sunlight resistant and flame retardant thermoplastic
PVC jacket that resists heat, oil and chemical breakdown.
Flexible conduit sealtite

greenfield
 Types of raceways
Surface Raceway

Surface Raceway is used to route wires through a discreet cable track that will improve
the aesthetics in just about any room, and is a great and affordable way to conceal and
protect cables in both the home and office. It is available in many different styles.

Wiring Duct

A Wiring Duct is a wire trough that easily allows for organization, pulling and
separation of cables. It often features a sliding cover and “fingers” on the side that
create slots for cables to be added, removed or rerouted along with the length of the
run. The slots feature rounded edges to protect wires and hands from cuts and
abrasions. Solid wall units are available to protect sensitive cables and electrical wiring
from debris, dust and other outside contaminants.
Surface Raceway Wiring duct
ELECTRICAL boxes
 Types of electrical boxes
Metal and Plastic Electrical Boxes
Metal boxes are generally made of steel, while plastic boxes are either PVC or
fiberglass. Weatherproof metal boxes for outdoor use are generally made of
aluminum. If you are using metal conduit to run wiring to the electrical box, then a
metal box is required—both to anchor the conduit and because the conduit and metal
box system itself may be used to ground the system. If you are using non-metallic
cable, such as Type NM-B (non-metallic sheathed cable), then you can use
either plastic boxes or metal boxes, as long as the cable is secured to the box with an
appropriate cable clamp.

Standard Rectangular Boxes

Single light fixture switches and outlet receptacles typically fit into standard
rectangular boxes, also known as "single-gang" or "one-gang" boxes. They are
generally 2 x 3 inches in size, with depths ranging from 1 1/2 inches to 3 1/2 inches.
Some forms are "gangable“ with detachable sides that can be removed so the boxes
can be linked together to form larger boxes for holding two, three, or more devices
side-by-side. Standard rectangular boxes come in various types of "new work" and
"old work" designs. Some types have built-in cable clamps for securing NM cables.
Metal and plastic
Electrical boxes Standard
Rectangular boxes
 Types of electrical boxes
2-Gang, 3-Gang, and 4-Gang Boxes

Like standard rectangular boxes, these are used to hold household switches and
electrical outlets, but they are oversized so that two, three, or four devices can be
mounted side-by-side. Like other boxes, these come in a variety of "new work" and
"old work" designs, some with built-in cable clamps. 
The same effect can be created by using standard rectangular boxes with a "gangable"
design that allows the sides to be removed so the boxes can be joined together to form
larger boxes. 

Round Pan Electrical Boxes

Round pan, or "pancake," boxes typically are only 1/2 inch or 3/4 inch deep. They are
used most commonly for ceiling- or wall-mounted light fixtures that weigh no more
than 50 pounds. Some types of specially rated metal pan boxes may be used for
mounting ceiling fans, but not all pan boxes may be used for this purpose.
It's important that the fixture wires can be properly connected and fitted within the
round pan box. These are shallow electrical boxes with only enough space for fitting
two or three electrical connections. If there are more wire connections to be made, you
will probably need a full-sized octagon or round electrical box with more volume. The
number of wires in the box should never exceed its safe fill capacity.
 Round pan electrical
2 gang 3 gang and
boxes
4 gang boxes
 Types of electrical boxes
Octagon and Round Electrical Boxes
Octagon and standard-size round boxes range from 1 1/2 to 3 inches deep and are the
standard box for ceiling- or wall-mounted light fixtures weighing up to 50 pounds.
They provide much more room for wiring than shallow round pan boxes and can be
used as junction boxes.
Metal boxes are suitable for surface-mounted installations using metal conduit. Round
plastic boxes often have "ears" for fastening to the wall or ceiling surface in existing or
"old work" applications. These allow you to secure the box to the drywall (or other
surface material) rather than cutting a large hole in the drywall to fasten the box to the
framing.

Ceiling Fan-Rated Electrical Box

Ceiling fan boxes come in several different types and sizes, including 1/2-inch-deep
"pancake" versions and standard 2 1/8-inch-deep boxes. They are usually round but
may be octagonal.
Ceiling fan boxes must be UL-listed for ceiling fan mounting and marked “For Use
With Ceiling Fans.” Do not use standard round or octagonal boxes for installing ceiling
fans. Ceiling fan boxes require special fastening to withstand the dynamic loading of a
rotating fan.
 Types of electrical boxes
4-Inch Square Box
Square boxes come in standard depths of 1 1/4 to 2 1/8 inches, but their square corners
give them additional interior space, providing maximum volume for multiple
conductors and connectors. For this reason, 4-inch square boxes often are used to run
multiple conductors in two or more directions. They are also commonly used as
junction boxes and can also be installed in ceilings or walls for supporting lighting
fixtures or for housing switches or receptacles when matched with the proper cover
plates

Junction Box
A junction box is not a special type of box but rather a term used to describe any
standard electrical box used to enclose wire splices. The standard box used for
junctions is a 4-inch square box, which offers plenty of space for making wire
connections with multiple wires or cables, but other type of boxes can be also used for
this application.
Junction boxes must be installed where they are always accessible; never install a
junction box in a concealed wall or ceiling space where the box cannot be accessed in
the future. Junction boxes also must be covered with solid covers with no holes.
4 inch square box Junction box
 Types of electrical boxes
Electrical Box Covers
Electrical box covers come in a wide variety of sizes and shapes to match different
types of boxes. A cover is used to enclose the front of the box and is required by code;
it is unsafe, and usually illegal, to leave an electrical box uncovered.
Solid, or "blank," covers have no holes and typically are used with junction boxes or
for enclosing unused boxes. Covers for 4-inch square boxes may have special cutouts
to accommodate switches or receptacles (outlets). These typically include a raised
center area that extends the box so the opening for the switch or outlet will be flush
with the exposed surface of the drywall or other wall or ceiling finish.

Outdoor Electrical Box

Weatherproof outdoor boxes are sealed enclosures designed for mounting to the
surface of exterior walls, roof overhangs, decks, and other structures. They are used for
installing outdoor receptacles (outlets) and light fixtures. Outdoor boxes must have an
outdoor cover or fixture rated for damp or wet locations, depending on the application.
Plastic outdoor boxes are usually made from high-impact PVC, while metal outdoor
boxes are typically made from aluminum rather than steel. 
Electrical box covers Outdoor
electrical box
Types of electrical boxes
Box Extenders

Box extenders, or extension rings, come in a variety of sizes and shapes to match
standard electrical boxes. They are shaped like boxes but have no back. They are
designed to be installed onto the front of standard electrical boxes to increase the box
capacity or to bring the box flush with the drywall or other surface material.
Thank You.