Lecture # 6

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Differential Equations:
First order and first degree D.E.
(Homogeneous D.E)

1
 ◦ 1. Formation of Differential Equations
◦ 2. Order and Degree of Differential Equations
◦ 3. Solution of Differential Equations

a. Separation of Variables
b. Reducible to Separation Variables
c. .??
d. ??
e. ??

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 Homogeneous Equation ??
2 2 2
◦  
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 +
Order 2, 𝑧𝑥=0
Homogeneous

2 2 2Homogeneous?? 3
 
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑦 𝑥 𝑧+𝑧 𝑥 =0
NO
2 2 2 3
 
𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦 𝑥 𝑧 + 𝑧 𝑥 =0
Order 4, Homogeneous

  𝑥 ( 𝑥 + 𝑦 )
=0
𝑥Order 2, Homogeneous
2

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 Homogeneous D.E.
Homogeneous D.Es: A differential equation of the form
dy f 1 (x , y )
= where f1 (x , y ) and f 2(x , y ) are homogeneous
dx f 2(x , y )
functions of x and y of same degree is called a homogeneous
D.E.
To solve this kind of D.E., we put
y =vx
dy dv
i.e. =v + x to separate the variables.
dx dx
For example-
dy x 2 + y 2
= is a homogeneous D.E.
dx 2xy
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 Homogeneous D.E.
Solve the following Homogeneous D.Es:
2 2 2 2 dy dy
(a) (x + y )dx +2xy dy =0 (b) y + x =xy
dx dx
1 dy x + y dy y(x + y)
(c) + 2 2 =0 (d) + =0
2x dx x + y dx x 2

(e) x 2 y dx - x 3dy =y 3dy

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 Homogeneous D.E.
Solution (a): Given that
(x 2 + y 2 )dx +2xy dy =0
We can write
dy x2 + y2
=- ...........(1) which is a homogeneous D.E.
dx 2xy
So putting y =vx
dy dv
\ =v + x
dx dx
Now putting these values in Eq. (1), we get
dv x 2 +(vx )2 x 2 + v 2x 2
v +x =- =-
dx 2x ×vx 2x 2v
dv 1+ v 2
Þ x =- -v
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dx 2v 6
 Homogeneous D.E.
dv - 1 - v 2 - 2v 2
Þ x =
dx 2v
dv - (1 +3v 2 )
Þ x =
dx 2v
Now separating the variables, we get
2v 1
dv =- dx
1+3v 2
x
Now integrating, we get
1 2
2v 1 Þ log(1+3v ) =- log x +c
ò1+3v 2 dv =- òx dx 3
Þ log(1+3v ) =log x +log A
2 1/3 -1

1 3×2v 1
Þ ò dv =- ò dx Þ log(1+3v ) =log(x A)
2 1/3 -1
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3 1+3v 2
x 7
 Homogeneous D.E.
2 1/3 A
Þ (1+3v ) = x 2 +3 y 2 A3
x Þ 2
= 3
A 3 x x
Þ 1+3v 2 = 3 Þ x(x 2 +3 y 2 ) =A3 (Ans.)
x
y 2 A3
Þ 1+3 2 = 3 [∵y =vx]
x x

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 Homogeneous D.E.
Given that
Solution (b):
2 dy 2 dy
y +x =xy
dx dx
We can write
dy y2
= ...........(1) which is a homogeneous D.E.
dx xy - x 2

So putting y =vx
dy dv
\ =v + x
dx dx
Now putting these values in Eq. (1), we get
dv (vx )2 v 2x 2
v +x = = 2
dx x ×
vx - x 2
x (v - 1)
dv v2
Þ x =
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 Homogeneous D.E.
Now separating the variables, we get
v- 1 1
dv = dx
v 2
x
æ1 1 ö 1
Þ ç - 2 ÷dv = dx
èv v ø x
Now integrating, we get
Þ log v +loge1/v =log x +log A
æ1 1 ö 1
òçè v - v 2 ÷ø dv =òx dx Þ log(ve ) =log(xA)
1/v

Þ ve 1/v
=xA
1 y x/ y
Þ log v + =log x +c Þ e =xA [∵y =vx]
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v x
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 Homogeneous D.E.
Given that
Solution (b):
dy y(x + y )
+ =0
dx x 2

We can write
dy xy + y 2
=- ...........(1) which is a homogeneous D.E.
dx x 2

So putting y =vx
dy dv
\ =v + x
dx dx
Now putting these values in Eq. (1), we get
dv x×vx +(vx )2 vx 2 + v 2 x 2
v +x =- =-
dx x 2
x2
dv dv
Þ x =- v - v 2 - v Þ x =- (v 2 +2v )
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 Homogeneous D.E.
Now separating the variables, we get
1 1
dv =- dx
2
v +2v x
1 1
Þ 2 dv =- dx
v +2v +1- 1 x
1 1
Þ dv =- dx
2
(v +1) - 12
x
Now integrating, we get
1 1
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ò(v +1)2 - 12 dv =- òx dx 12
 Homogeneous D.E.
1 v +1- 1 é 1 1 x- aù
Þ log =- log x + c ê∵ò 2 2 dx = log ú
2 v +1+1 ë x -a 2a x + a û
1 v
Þ log =log x - 1 + log A
2 v +2

1/2
æ v ö A y /x A2
Þ log ç =log Þ = 2 [∵y =vx]
÷
è v +2 ø x y / x +2 x
v A 2 y A2
Þ = 2 Þ = 2
v +2 x y +2x x
Þ yx 2 =A2( y +2x) (Ans.)

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 Homogeneous D.E.
Exercise the following Problems:

2 3 3 2 dy
(a) x y dx - (x + y )dy =0 (b) (x + y) =xy
dx
1 dy x + y
(c) + 2 2 =0 (d) x 2 y dx - x 3dy =y 3dy
2x dx x + y

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