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Chapter 4 - Transmission Media

This document discusses different types of transmission media including guided media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical fiber as well as unguided wireless media. It provides details on the characteristics, bandwidth, data rates, and applications of each medium. Key factors that determine the performance of a transmission medium include its bandwidth, attenuation over distance, interference levels, and the number of receivers for guided media. Optical fiber has the highest bandwidth and data rates with very low attenuation allowing transmission over tens of kilometers without repeaters.

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56 views20 pages

Chapter 4 - Transmission Media

This document discusses different types of transmission media including guided media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical fiber as well as unguided wireless media. It provides details on the characteristics, bandwidth, data rates, and applications of each medium. Key factors that determine the performance of a transmission medium include its bandwidth, attenuation over distance, interference levels, and the number of receivers for guided media. Optical fiber has the highest bandwidth and data rates with very low attenuation allowing transmission over tens of kilometers without repeaters.

Uploaded by

muah mnas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

Chapter 4 – Transmission Media

1/21
Overview

guided – copper twisted pair, coaxial cable


optical fiber
unguided – wireless; through air, vacuum,
or water
characteristics and quality determined by
medium and transmitted signal
in unguided media - bandwidth of signal
produced by the antenna is more important
in guided media - medium is more important
key concerns are data rate and distance

2/21
Design Factors

 A number of design factors relating to the


transmission media and the signal determine
the data rate and distance
1. bandwidth
 higher bandwidth gives higher data rate
2. transmission impairments
 e.g. attenuation limit the distance
3. Interference
 from other signals in overlapping frequency bands
4. number of receivers in guided media
 more receivers introduces more attenuation
3/21
Electromagnetic Spectrum

4/21
Transmission Characteristics of Guided
media

  Frequency Typical Typical Repeater


Range Attenuation Delay Spacing
Twisted pairs 0 to 1 MHz 0.7 dB/km @ 5 µs/km 2 km
(multi-pair 1 kHz
cables)
Coaxial cable 0 to 500 MHz 7 dB/km @ 10 4 µs/km 1 to 9 km
MHz
Optical fiber 186 to 370 0.2 to 0.5 5 µs/km 40 km
THz dB/km

5/21
Twisted pair

 Twisting tends to decrease the crosstalk interference between


adjacent pairs in a cable.
 Neighboring pairs in a bundle typically have somewhat different twist
lengths to reduce the crosstalk interference
 On long-distance links, the twist length varies from 5 to 15 cm

6/21
Twisted Pair: Transmission Characteristics

 Analog Transmission
 needs amplifiers every 5km to 6km
 Digital Transmission
 can use either analog or digital signals
 needs a repeater every 2-3km
 Limited distance
 Limited bandwidth (MHz)
 Limited data rate (few Mbps)
 Susceptible to interference and noise
 e.g., 50/60 Hz power line frequency
 Less expensive than coaxial cables and fiber

7/21
Attenuation vs frequency for the guided media

8/45
Unshielded vs Shielded twisted pairs

 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)


 ordinary telephone wire
 cheapest
 easiest to install
 suffers from external Electromagnetic (EM) interference
 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
 metal braid or sheathing that reduces interference
 more expensive
 harder to handle (thick, heavy)

 In a variety of categories - see the Electronic Industry


Association standard EIA-568
9/21
Twisted Pair Categories and Classes

Category 3 Category 5 Category 5E Category 6 Category 7


Class C Class D Class E Class F
Bandwidth 16 MHz 100 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 600 MHz
Cable Type UTP UTP/FTP UTP/FTP UTP/FTP SSTP
Link Cost 0.7 1 1.2 1.5 2.2
(Cat 5 =1)

UTP = Unshielded Twisted Pair


FTP = Foil Twisted Pair
SSTP = Shielded Screen Twisted Pair

10/21
Comparison Between Unshielded and
Shielded Twisted Pair

Attenuation (dB per 100 m)


Frequency Category 3 Category 5
(MHz) UTP UTP 150-ohm STP
1 2.6 2.0 1.1
4 5.6 4.1 2.2
16 13.1 8.2 4.4
25 — 10.4 6.2
100 — 22.0 12.3
300 — — 21.4

11/21
Coaxial Cable

12/21
Coaxial Cable: Transmission characteristics

superior frequency characteristics to TP


performance limited by attenuation & noise
analog signals
amplifiers every few Km
closer when using higher frequencies
up to 1000MHz
digital signals
repeater every 1km
closer for higher data rates

13/21
Coaxial Cable : Applications

Television Distribution (cable TV)


Long distance telephone transmission
Short-run computer system links
Local area networks

14/21
Optical Fiber

15/21
Optical Fiber: Benefits

greater capacity
data rates of hundreds of Gbps
smaller size & weight
lower attenuation
electromagnetic isolation
greater repeater spacing
10s of km at least

16/21
Optical Fiber: Transmission Characteristics

uses total internal reflection to transmit light


effectively acts as wave guide for 1014 to 1015 Hz
can use several different light sources
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
cheaper, wider operating temp range, lasts longer
Injection Laser Diode (ILD)
more efficient, has greater data rate
relation of wavelength, type & data rate

17/21
Optical Fiber Transmission Modes

18/21
Frequency Utilization for Fiber Application

Wavelength (in Frequency Band Fiber Type Application


vacuum) range Range (THz) Label
(nm)
820 to 900 366 to 333 Multimode LAN
1280 to 1350 234 to 222 S Single mode Va rious
1528 to 1561 196 to 192 C Single mode WDM
1561 to 1620 192 to 185 L Single mode WDM

19/21
Optical Fiber : Applications

Long-haul trunks (1500Km, high capacity:


typically 20000-60000 voice channels)
Metropolitan trunks (12 Km, 100000 voice
channel in a trunk group)
 Rural exchange trunks (40-160 Km, 5000
voice channels)
Subscriber loops (replace twisted pair and
coaxial cables, carry voice, data, image
and video)
Local area networks (100Mbps-10Gbps)
20/21

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