CONVECTION
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Yeditha Satyanarayana MurthyCONVECTION
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Yeditha Satyanarayana MurthyBOUNDARY LAYER
τ
THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYER
Thermal boundary layer will develop only when the fluid temperature
is different from the surface temperature.
[(Ts – T)/(Ts – T)] = 0.99
NUMERICALS
1)Air at 20°C flows over both sides of a surface measuring 0.2 m × 0.2 m.
The drag force was 0.075 N. Determine the velocity gradient at the
surface. Kinematic viscosity has a value of 15.06 × 10–6 m /s. Density =
2
1.205 kg/m . Also determine the friction coefficient if the free stream
3
velocity has a value of 40 m/s [Ans: Cf=0.973 × 10–3 ]
2)The temperature ratio [(Ts – T)/(Ts – T)] = y/0.0075 in a flow over a
flat plate. If k = 0.03 W/mK, determine the value of convective heat
transfer coefficient. [Ans:4 W/m2K]
3)The temperature ratio [Ts – T)/(Ts – T)] = sin ( y/0.015) in flow over
a flat plate. If k = 0.03 W/mK, determine the value of convective heat
transfer coefficient.
[Ans:6.28W/m2K]
LAMINAR & TURBULENT FLOW
LAMINAR FLOW:
The formation of the boundary layer starts at the leading edge. In the
starting region the flow is well ordered. The streamlines along which
particles move is regular. The velocity at any point remains steady. This
type of flow is defined as laminar flow.
TURBULENT FLOW:
The motion of particles become irregular. The velocity at any location
varies with respect to a mean value. The flow is said to be turbulent. Due
to the mixing the boundary layer thickness is larger. The energy flow rate
is also higher.
Fig: LAMINAR& TURBULENT FLOWS
PLATES:
LAMINAR FLOW : REYNOLDS NUMBEFR < 5*105
TURBULENT FLOW : REYNOLDS NUMBEFR > 5*105
PIPES OR CYLINDERS:
LAMINAR FLOW : REYNOLDS NUMBEFR < 2300
TURBULENT FLOW : REYNOLDS NUMBEFR > 2300
FORCED AND FREE CONVECTION
FORCED CONVECTION:
When heat transfer occurs between a fluid and a surface, if the flow is
caused by a fan, blower or pump or a forcing jet, the process is called
forced convection.
FREE CONVECTION:
When the temperature of a surface immersed in a stagnant fluid is higher
than that of the fluid, the layers near the surface get heated and the
density decreases in these layers. The surrounding denser liquid exerts
buoyant forces causing fluid to flow upwards near the surface. This
process is called free convection flow
ANALYTICAL METHOD IN CONVECTION
CONTINUITY EQUATION:
MOMENTUM EQUATION:
NUMERICALS
1) Water at 30°C flows over a flat plate with a free stream velocity of 0.6
m/s.Determine the local and average friction coefficient at 0.5 m from
the leading edge. Also determine the local wall shear stress.
[Ans:CfL= 1.22*10-3 Cf= 2.44*10-3 , Shear stress=0.219N/m2]
ENERGY EQUATION
From experimental results it is found that these equations are applicable if the property
values are used at film temperature (Ts + T∞)/2.
NUMERICALS
1) Air at 20°C and one atmosphere flows over a surface at 100°C with
a free stream velocity of 6 m/s. Determine the values of Reynolds
number, thermal and hydrodynamic boundary layer thicknesses and
the local value and average values of convective heat transfer
coefficients at distances of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25 m from the
leading edge. Also determine the length at which the flow turns to
turbulent taking critical Reynolds number as 5 × 105.
Sodium potassium alloy (25% + 75%) at 300°C flows
over a 20 cm long plate element at 500°C with a free
stream velocity of 0.6 m/s. The width of plate element
is 0.1 m.Determine the hydrodynamic and thermal
boundary layer thicknesses and also the displacement
and momentum thicknesses. Determine also the local
and average value of coefficient of friction and
convection coefficient. Also find the heat transfer rate
Engine oil at 60°C flows over a flat surface with a velocity of 2 m/s, the
length of the surface being 0.4m. If the plate has a uniform heat flux of
10 kW/m2, determine the value of average convective heat transfer
coefficient. Also find the temperature of the plate at the trailing edge