PC ME 501

Heat Transfer

1. Derive the expression for the emissive power of a black body depends only on
temperature and is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature T.
2. Why is there a negative sign in the Fourier’s law of heat conduction?
3. Derive the expression for thermal resistance if it is connected in series and parallel for a
rectangular.
4. Show that the thermal resistance offered by a spherical wall of uniform k is given by (ro –
ri)/(4πkrori).
5. What is a shell-and-tube heat exchanger? Why are baffl es used? What are headers?
6. What do you mean by fouling factor? What are the causes of fouling?
7. Prove that emissivity of the surface of a body is equal to its absorptivity when a body is
in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings.
8. Derive the expression for emissive power of a black body, Eb=σT4.
9. Derive the expression for general equation of heat conduction in Cartesian coordinate
system.
10. A wire 0.5 mm in diameter is stretched along the axis of a cylinder 50 mm in dia and 250
mm long. The temperature of the wire is 750 K while the cylinder is at 25 K and the gas
in it has a k = 0.0251 W/mK. To find: The rate of heat transfer througth the gas by
conduction and by radiation if the wire is black.
11. If a fin is thin and long and tip loss is negligible, show that the heat transfer from the fin
is given by Qo = mkAθo tanhml where m = (hP/kA)1/2
12. Prove that by the use of one radiation shield, the net radiant heat transfer is reduced by
50%.
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13. Show that for counter flow heat exchanger
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14. What is the physical significance of Grashof number with reference to heat transfer by
natural convection? What is Rayleigh number?
15. Show that the emissive power of a black body is p-times the intensity of emitted
radiation.
16. What are the differences between natural and forced convection?
17. What is the mode of heat transfer in vacuum? Define absorptivity, reflectivity and
transmissivity.
18. Explain Prevost’s theory of heat exchange.
19. For two infinite parallel gray planes exchanging radiant energy,

20. Show that the rate of heat conduction through a hollow sphere is given by

where Agm = (A1 A2)1/2, A1 and A2 being the areas of inside and outside surfaces of the
 sphere and xw = wall thickness.
21. What is a shell-and-tube heat exchanger? Why are baffles used? What are headers?
22. Illustrate thermal contact resistance with diagram. Which factors influence the thermal
contact resistance.
23. Compare the parallel flow and counter flow heat exchangers with temperature length
graph.
24. A plastic pipe (k = 0.5 W/mK) of i.d. 3 cm and o.d. 4 cm carries a fluid of average
temperature 100°C and h = 300 W/m2K. The rate of heat transfer per unit length is 500
W/m. To find: (i) The outside surface temperature of pipe, (ii) the overall heat transfer
coefficient based on outside area.

25. Draw the thermal circuit for the given system and also calculate total thermal resistance.

26. Two large aluminium (k = 240 W/mK), each 2 cm thick, with 10 µm surface roughness
are placed in contact at 105 N/m2 pressure with the outside surface temperatures of 390
°C and 406°C. The thermal contact resistance is 2.75 X 10–4 m2K/W. To find: (i) The
heat flux, (ii) the temperature drop due to contact resistance, and (iii) the contact
temperatures.
27. A 2-m-long, 0.3-cm-diameter electrical wire extends across a room at 15°C, as shown in
Fig.. Heat is generated in the wire as a result of resistance heating, and the surface
temperature of the wire is measured to be 152°C in steady operation. Also, the voltage
drop and electric current through the wire are measured to be 60 V and 1.5 A,
respectively. Disregarding any heat transfer by radiation, determine the convection heat
transfer coefficient for heat transfer between the outer surface of the wire and the air in
the room.

28.

29. Two large aluminium (k = 240 W/mK), each 2 cm thick, with 10 µm surface roughness
are placed in contact at 105 N/m2 pressure with the outside surface temperatures of 390
°C and 406°C. The thermal contact resistance is 2.75 X 10–4 m2K/W. To find: (i) The
 heat flux, (ii) the temperature drop due to contact resistance, and (iii) the contact
temperatures.
30. A tube 2 cm o.d. maintained at uniform temperature of Ti is covered with insulation (k =
0.20W/mK) to reduce heat loss to the ambient air at Tꚙ with ha = 15 W/m2K. To find: (i)
The critical thickness rc of insulation (ii) the ratio of heat loss from the tube with
insulation to that without insulation, (a) if the thickness of insulation is equal to rc, (b) if
the thickness of insulation is (rc + 2) cm.
31. A furnace wall has the inside surface temperature of 1100°C, while the ambient air
temperature is 25°C. The wall consists of 125 mm thick refractory bricks (k = 1.6
W/mK), 125 mm thick firebricks (k = 0.3 W/mK) and 12 mm thick plaster (k = 0.14
W/mK). There is an air gap which offers a thermal resistance of 0.16 K/W. The heat
transfer coefficient on the outside wall to the air is 17 W/m2K. To find: (a) The rate of
heat loss per unit area of wall surface, (b) the interface temperatures throughout the wall,
and (c) the temperature of the outside surface of the wall.

32. A black body emits radiation at 2000 K. Calculate (i) the monochromatic emissive power
at 1 mm wavelength, (ii) wavelength at which the emission is maximum, and (iii) the
maximum emissive power.
33. A long
steel rod 20 mm in diameter is to be heated from 427°C to 538°C. It is placed
concentrically in a long cylindrical furnace which has an inside diameter of 160 mm. The
inner surface of the furnace is at a temperature of 1093°C and has an emissivity of 0.85.
If the surface of the rod has an emissivity of 0.6, estimate the time required for the
heating operation. Take the density of steel as 7800 kg/m3 and its specific heat 0.67 kJ/kg
K.
34. An enclosure measures 1.5 m × 1.7 m with a height of 2 m. The walls and ceiling are
maintained at 250°C and the floor at 130°C. The walls and ceiling have an emissivity of
0.82 and the floor 0.7. Determine the net radiation to the floor.

35. Steam at 350°C flowing in a pipe (k = 80 W/mK) 5 cm i.d., 5.6 cm o.d. is covered with 3
cm thick insulation (k = 0.05 W/mK). Heat is lost to the surroundings at 5°C by natural
convection and radiation with combined h = 20 W/m2K and hi = 60 W/m2K. To find: (i)
 The rate of heat loss from the pipe per unit length, (ii) the temperature drops across the
pipe and the insulation.
36. A refrigerated container in the form of a cube with 2 m sides and 5 mm thick aluminium
walls (k = 204 W/mK) is insulated with a 0.1 m layer of cork (k = 0.043 W/mK) and the
surface temperatures are Ti = –5°C and T0 = 20°C. To find: The cooling load of the
refrigerator.

37. A 0.8 m high, 1.5 m wide double pane window consists of two 4 mm thick layers of glass
(k = 78 W/mK) and is separated by a 10 mm wide stagnant air space (k = 0.026 W/mK).
The room is at 20°C and the outside air is at –10°C. The heat transfer coefficients are hi =
10 and ho = 40 W/m2K. To find: (i) The rate of heat transfer through the window, (ii) the
inside surface temperature.
38. Assuming the sun as a black body, it emits maximum radiation at 0.5 µm wavelength.
Calculate (i) the surface temperature of the sun, (ii) its emissive power, (iii) the energy
received by the surface of the earth and (iv) The energy received by a 2 m × 2 m solar
collector whose normal is inclined at 60° to the sun. Take the diameter of the sun as 1.4 ×
109 m, diameter of the earth as 13 X 106 m and the distance of the earth from the sun as
15 × 1010 m.

39. Derive the expression for net heat transfer considering radiosity and irradiation.

40. A spherical ball 6 cm in diameter and 310 K is placed inside a large spherical furnace at
600 K. Estimate the diameter of the spherical furnace such that 20% of the energy
emitted by the furnace reaches the spherical ball. Assume the surfaces as black. What is
the net exchange of energy between the two surfaces?

41. Cold water enters a counter-flow heat exchanger at 10°C at a rate of 8 kg/s, where it is
heated by a hot water stream that enters the heat exchanger at 70°C at a rate of 2 kg/s.
Assuming the specific heat of water to remain constant at Cp = 4.18 kJ/kg · °C,
determine the maximum heat transfer rate and the outlet temperatures of the cold and the
hot water streams for this limiting case.
42. A 4 kg/s product stream from a distillation column is to be cooled by a 3 kg/s water
stream in a counter flow heat exchanger. The hot and cold stream inlet temperatures are
400K and 300K respectively, and the area of the exchanger is 30 m2. If the overall heat
transfer coefficient is estimated to be 820 W/m2K, determine the product stream outlet
temperature, if its specific heat is 2500 J/kgK and the coolant outlet temperature.

43. After a long time in service, a counter flow oil cooler is checked to ascertain if its
performance has deteriorated due to fouling. In the test a standard oil flowing at 2.0 kg/s
is cooled from 420 K to 380 K by a water supply of 1.0 kg/s at 300 K. If the heat transfer
surface is 3.33 m2 and the design value of the overall heat transfer coefficient is 930
W/m2K, how much has it been reduced by fouling? Take cp of oil as 2330 J/kgK and Cp
of water as 4174 J/kgK.
44. A counter flow heat exchanger is to heat air entering at 400°C with a flow rate of 6 kg/s
by the exhaust gas entering at 800°C with a flow rate of 4 kg/s. The overall heat transfer
coefficient is 100 W/m2 K and the outlet temperature of air is 551.5°C. Specific heat of
air, cp, for both air and exhaust gas can be taken as 1100 J/kgK. Calculate (i) the heat
transfer area needed and (ii) the number of transfer units.

45. A steam pipe made of steel (k = 58 W/mK) has i.d. of 160 mm and o.d. of 170 mm. The
saturated steam flowing through it is at 300°C, while the ambient air is at 50°C. It has
two layers of insulation, the inner layer (k = 0.17 W/mK) is 30 mm thick and the outer
layer (k = 0.023 W/mK) is 50 mm thick, the heat transfer coefficients on the inside and
outside walls are 30 and 5.8 W/m2K respectively. To find: The rate of heat loss per unit
length of the pipe.

46. Water is heated while flowing through a 1.5 cm X 3.5 cm rectangular cross-section tube
at a velocity of 1.2 m/s. The entering temperature of the water is 40°C, and the tube wall
is maintained at 85°C. Determine the length of the tube required to raise the temperature
of water to 70°C. Properties of water at the mean bulk temperature of 55°C are: r = 985.5
kg/m3; Cp = 4.18 kJ/kg K, n = 0.517 X 10–6 m2/s, k = 0.654 W/m K and Pr = 3.26.

47. Determine the mean heat transfer coefficient for natural convection from the surface of a
cabinet. The cabinet is mounted on a vertical wall. Its surface temperature is 125°C and
the ambient temperature is 25°C. What is the rate of heat loss from the surface?