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Biomedical Instrumentation: Ms. Divya B AP/BME

An autoanalyzer is a device used to sequentially measure blood chemistry through a series of steps including mixing, reagent reactions, and colorimetric measurements. A continuous/segmented flow analyzer consists of modules like a sampler, pump, mixing coils, and detector. It works by dividing a stream of material into discrete segments using air bubbles, where chemical reactions occur. As the continuous stream of samples and reagents mix and flow through tubing and coils, each apparatus performs functions like distillation and dialysis before color measurements are recorded.

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Prasidha Prabhu
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73 views20 pages

Biomedical Instrumentation: Ms. Divya B AP/BME

An autoanalyzer is a device used to sequentially measure blood chemistry through a series of steps including mixing, reagent reactions, and colorimetric measurements. A continuous/segmented flow analyzer consists of modules like a sampler, pump, mixing coils, and detector. It works by dividing a stream of material into discrete segments using air bubbles, where chemical reactions occur. As the continuous stream of samples and reagents mix and flow through tubing and coils, each apparatus performs functions like distillation and dialysis before color measurements are recorded.

Uploaded by

Prasidha Prabhu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Biomedical Instrumentation

Ms. Divya B AP/BME


Auto analyzer

2
Purpose of Autoanalyzers
An autoanalyzer sequentially measures blood chemistry
through a series of steps of

• mixing,
• reagent reaction and
• colorimetric measurements.

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A continuous/segmented
flow analyzer
• consists of different modules including

– a sampler, pump, mixing coils, optional sample treatments


dialysis, distillation, heating, etc,

– a detector, and data generator.

Most continuous flow analyzers depend on color reactions using a


flow through colorimeter

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4
Principle of operation
 A stream of material is divided by air bubbles into discrete
segments in which chemical reactions occur.
 An essential principle of the system is the introduction of air
bubbles.
 The air bubbles segment each sample into discrete packets and
act as a barrier between packets to prevent cross contamination
as they travel down the length of the tubing
 The continuous stream of liquid samples and reagents are
combined and transported in tubing and mixing coils.
 The tubing passes the samples from one apparatus to the other
 each apparatus performs different function, such as
distillation, dialysis, extraction, …, and subsequent recording of
a signal.
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5
Principle of operation
 In Segmented Flow Analyzers (SFA), the sample is mixed with
small reproducible volumes of the required reagents
air bubbles are introduced into the flow, creating about 20 -
100 segments of liquid for each sample

 The sample / reagent mixture flows through mixing coils (heated


coils)  a color proportional to the amount of analyte in each
sample is developed

 The samples with developed color flow through a colorimeter to


measure the color

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It consists of
 Sampler:
 Aspirates samples, standards, wash solutions into the system
 Proportioning pump:
 Mixes samples with the reagents so that proper chemical color reactions
can take place, which are then read by the colorimeter
 Dialyzer:
 The purpose of a dialyzer is to separate the analyte from interfering
substances such as protein, whose large molecules do not go through the
dialysis membrane but go to a separate waste stream
 The analyte infuses through the diaphragm into a separate flow path
going on to further analysis

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It consists of
 Heating bath:
 Controls temperature (typically at 37 °C), as temp is critical in
color development
 Colorimeter:
 Monitors the changes in optical density of the fluid stream flowing
through a tubular flow cell. Color intensities proportional to the
substance concentrations are converted to equivalent electrical
voltages (Pulses,square wave signal)
 Recorder:
 Displays the output information in a graphical form.

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Block diagram

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Continuous Flow

• The major drawbacks that contributed to the


eventual demise of traditional continuous-flow
analyzers in the marketplace were significant carry-
10 over problems and wasteful use of continuously
flowing reagents.
Autoanalyzer

Printer colorimeter Proportioning pump


Sampler

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Elsarnagawy, MASH 210. 311 11
Calibration and adjustment
Mechanical
 Tubing
 Moving pump parts

Electrical
 Switches
 Motors

Electronic failures are rare

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Another autoanalyzer “HORIBA”

13 Elsarnagawy,
v 1.2 MASH 210. 13
311
Hitachi 902 Analyzer

14
Mixing

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Reading the sample

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Calibration curve

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Thank you

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