Long Term Evolution (LTE)

-System Engineering

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Course Content

Section 1 LTE Architecture.

Section 2
Section 3 RLC Protocol
Section 4 RRC Protocol
Section 5 MAC Protocol
Section 6 PDCP Protocol
Section 7 NAS and MME Entity.
Section 8 Interfaces- S1AP and GTP.

2
 LTE Architecture

Introduction

LTE System Architecture

LTE Physical Layer- Downlink/Uplink

LTE Physical Layer Procedures

Summary and Conclusions

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 Introduction

3GPP Evolution
 Release 99 (Mar. 2000): UMTS/WCDMA
 Rel-5 (Mar. 2002): HSDPA
 Rel-6 (Mar. 2005): HSUPA
 Rel-7 (Apr. 2007): DL MIMO, IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), optimized
real-time services (VoIP, gaming, push-to-talk).

 Long Term Evolution (LTE)

– 3GPP work on the Evolution of the 3G Mobile System started in
November 2004.
– Target deployment in 2010.

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 Introduction

Requirement of LTE
 Peak data rate
 100 Mbps DL/ 50 Mbps UL within 20 MHz bandwidth.
 Up to 200 active users in a cell (5 MHz)
 Less than 5 ms user-plane latency
 Mobility
 Optimized for 0 ~ 15 km/h.
 15 ~ 120 km/h supported with high performance.
 Supported up to 350 km/h or even up to 500 km/h.
 Coverage
 Performance should be met for 5 km cells with slight degradation for
30 km cells. Up to 100 km cells not precluded.
 Enhanced multimedia broadcast multicast service (E-MBMS)
 Spectrum flexibility 1.25 ~ 20 MHz
 Enhanced support for end-to-end QOS
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 Introduction

Key Features of LTE

 Multiple access scheme
 DL: OFDMA with CP.
 UL: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) with CP.
 Adaptive modulation and coding
 DL modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
 UL modulations: QPSK and 16QAM
 Advanced MIMO spatial multiplexing techniques
 (2 or 4)x(2 or 4) downlink and uplink supported.
 Multi-user MIMO also supported.
 ARQ within RLC sublayer and Hybrid ARQ within MAC
sublayer.
 Power control and link adaptation
 Implicit support for interference coordination
 Support for both FDD and TDD
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 LTE System Architecture

 E-UTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access

Network)
UMTS 3G: UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)

aGW aGW
GGSN (MME/UPE) (MME/UPE)

SGSN S1

RNC RNC

eNB eNB
X2

NB NB NB NB eNB eNB
E-UTRAN
NB: NodeB (base station) eNB: E-UTRAN NodeB
RNC: Radio Network Controller aGW: Access Gateway
SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node MME: Mobility Management Entity
GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node UPE: User Plane Entity

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 LTE Network Architecture

* 3GPP TR 23.882

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 LTE Network Architecture

EPC (Evolved Packet Core)

 eNB
aGW aGW
– All radio-related functions. (MME/UPE) (MME/UPE)
 MME
– Manage/store UE control S1

plane context.
– UE authentication.
– Mobility management.
eNB eNB
 UPE X2

– Manage/store UE context. eNB eNB

– Packet routing/forwarding. E-UTRAN

* 3GPP TR 23.882

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 LTE Protocol Architecture

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 LTE Protocol Architecture

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 LTE Protocol Architecture
 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP): It performs IP header
compression to reduce the number of bits necessary to transmit over
the radio interface.
 Radio Link Control (RLC): It is responsible for
segmentation/concatenation, retransmission handling, and in-sequence
delivery to higher layers.
 Medium Access Control (MAC): It handles hybrid-ARQ retransmissions
and uplink and downlink scheduling. The scheduling functionality is
located in the eNB, which has one MAC entity per cell, for both uplink
and downlink.
 Hybrid-ARQ protocol : It is present in both the transmitting and
receiving end of the MAC protocol. The MAC offers services to the RLC
in the form of logical channels.
 Physical Layer (PHY): It handles coding/decoding,
modulation/demodulation, multi-antenna mapping, and other typical
physical layer functions. The physical layer offers services to the MAC
layer in the form of transport channels.
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 LTE Protocol Architecture

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 LTE Protocol Architecture

LTE Physical Channels

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 LTE Protocol Architecture

LTE Transport Channels

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 LTE Protocol Architecture

LTE Logical Channels

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 LTE Protocol Architecture

Channel Mappings

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 LTE Physical Layer

LTE Frame Structure

 Two radio frame structures defined.

– Generic frame structure: FDD and TDD.
– Alternative frame structure: TDD only.
 Generic radio frame has duration of 10 ms. It consists of 20
slots. A slot has a duration of 0.5 ms. 2 slots comprise a
subframe.
 A resource block (RB) spans 12 subcarriers over a slot
duration of 0.5 ms. One subcarrier has bandwidth of 15 kHz.

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 LTE Physical Layer

LTE Frame Structure

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 LTE Physical Layer

LTE Bandwidth and Resource Allocation

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 LTE Layer-2

LTE Layer 2
 Layer 2 has three sublayers
– MAC (Medium Access Control)
– RLC (Radio Link Control)
– PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol)

SAE Bearers SAE Bearers

ROHC ROHC ROHC ROHC ROHC ROHC

PDCP PDCP
Security Security Security Security Securtiy Security

Radio Bearers Radio Bearers

Segm. Segm. Segm. Segm. Segm. Segm.

RLC ... ... RLC ...
ARQ ARQ ARQ ARQ BCCH PCCH ARQ ARQ

Logical Channels Logical Channels

Scheduling / Priority Handling Scheduling / Priority Handling

MAC Multiplexing UE1 Multiplexing UEn MAC Multiplexing

HARQ HARQ HARQ

Transport Channels Transport Channels

DL UL
ROHC: Robust Header Compression
SAE: System Architecture Evolution

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 LTE Layer-2

MAC Layer Logical Channels

 Control channels: Transfer of control-plane information.
– Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH), Paging Control Channel
(PCCH), Common Control Channel (CCCH), Multicast Control
Channel (MCCH; only used for MBMS), Dedicated Control
Channel (DCCH)
 Traffic channels: Transfer of user-plane information.
– Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) and Multicast Traffic
Channel
(MTCH; only used
PCCH for
BCCHMBMS).
CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH
Logical
channels

Transport
channels
PCH BCH RACH SCH MCH

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 LTE Layer-3

RRC Layer
 Terminated in eNB on the network side.
 Functions
– Broadcast
– Paging
– RRC connection management
– RB (Radio Bearer) management
– Mobility functions
– UE measurement reporting and control
 RRC states
– RRC_IDLE
– RRC_CONNECTED

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 LTE Layer-3

MAC and RRC Control

MAC control RRC control

Control entity MAC RRC

Signalling L1/L2 control channel MAC control PDU RRC message

Signalling reliability ~ 10-2 (no retransmission) ~ 10-3 (after HARQ) ~ 10-6 (after ARQ)

Control delay Very short Short Longer

Extensibility None or very limited Limited High

No integrity protection No integrity protection Integrity protected

Security
No ciphering No ciphering Ciphering (FFS)

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 LTE Protocol Architecture

Resource Scheduling of Shared Channels

 Dynamic resource scheduler MCS

Allocation
resides in eNB on MAC layer.
 Radio resource assignment based
on radio condition, traffic

Dynamic
Long-lived Short-lived
Dynamic Dynamic
volume, and QoS requirements. Allocation Allocation

 Radio resource assignment

Long-lived Short-lived
consists of:

Fixed
Fixed Fixed
Allocation Allocation
– Physical Resource Block (PRB) PRB
Allocation
– Modulation and Coding Scheme Long-lived Short-lived

(MCS)

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 LTE Protocol Architecture

Radio Resource Management

 Radio bearer control (RBC)

 Radio admission control (RAC)
 Connection mobility control (CMC)
 Dynamic resource allocation (DRA) or packet scheduling (PS)
 Inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC)
 Load balancing (LB)

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 LTE Features

Other Features
 ARQ (RLC) and HARQ (MAC)
 Mobility
 Rate control
 DRX (Discontinuous Reception)
 MBMS
 QOS
 Security

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 LTE Physical Layer- DL

DL Overview

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 LTE Physical Layer- DL

DL Physical Channel Processing

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 LTE Physical Layer- DL

DL Slot Structure
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts=10 ms
One downlink slot, Tslot
One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms

#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19

One subframe

Transmission BW 1.25 MHz 2.5 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz

Slot duration 0.5 ms
Sub-carrier
15 kHz
spacing
BW subcarriers

Sampling 1.92 MHz 7.68 MHz 15.36 MHz 23.04 MHz 30.72 MHz
(1/2  3.84 3.84 MHz (2  3.84 (4  3.84 (6  3.84 (8  3.84
frequency
Resource element MHz) MHz) MHz) MHz) MHz)

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048

subcarriers

One resource block, NRB

Number of
occupied 76 151 301 601 901 1201
sub-carriers
Number of
BW
NDL

OFDM symbols
7/6
per sub frame
(Short/Long CP)

(4.69/9)  (4.69/18)  (4.69/36)  (4.69/72)  (4.69/108) (4.69/144)

6, 6, 6, 6,  6,  6,
CP Short
(5.21/10)  (5.21/20)  (5.21/40)  (5.21/80)  (5.21/120) (5.21/160)
length
(μs/sampl 1* 1 1 1 1 1
es)
(16.67/128 (16.67/256 (16.67/384 (16.67/512
Long (16.67/32) (16.67/64)
) ) ) )
DL
N symb OFDM symbols

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 LTE Physical Layer- DL

DL MIMO
 Support up to 4x4 configuration.
 Support for both spatial multiplexing (SM) and Tx diversity
(TxD).
– SM
• Unitary precoding based scheme with codebook
based feedback
from user.
• Multiple codewords
– TxD: SFBC/STBC, switched TxD, CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity)
considered.
 MU-MIMO supported.

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 LTE Physical Layer- UL

SC FDMA
 What is Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)?
– Utilizes single carrier modulation and frequency domain
equalization.
– Has similar performance and essentially the same overall
structure as those of OFDMA system. Also, referred to as DFT-
spread
OFDMA.
– Has low PAPR because of its inherent single carrier transmitter
structure.
– An attractive alternative to OFDMA, especially in the uplink
communications where lower PAPR greatly benefits the mobile
terminal in terms of transmit power efficiency.
 For more technical information, a tutorial is available at
http://hgmyung.googlepages.com/scfdma .

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 LTE Physical Layer- UL

UL Overview

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 LTE Physical Layer- UL

UL Physical Channel Processing

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 LTE Physical Layer- UL

UL RS Multiplexing
DM RS
For SIMO: FDM between different users.
For SU-MIMO: CDM between RS from each antenna
For MU-MIMO: CDM between RS from each antenna
User 1

User 2

User 3

subcarriers subcarriers

FDM Pilots CDM Pilots

Sounding RS
CDM when there is only one sounding bandwidth.
CDM/FDM when there are multiple sounding bandwidths.

Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 35

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 LTE Physical Layer Procedures

Cell Search
 Cell search: Mobile terminal or user equipment (UE) acquires
time and frequency synchronization with a cell and detects
the cell ID of that cell.
– Based on BCH (Broadcast Channel) signal and hierarchical SCH
(Synchronization Channel) signals.
 P-SCH (Primary-SCH) and S-SCH (Secondary-SCH) are
transmitted twice per radio frame (10 ms) for FDD.
 Cell search procedure
 5 ms timing identified using P-SCH.
 Radio timing and group ID found from S-SCH.
 Full cell ID found from DL RS.
 Decode BCH.

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 LTE Physical Layer Procedures

Cell Search

Example: 10-MHz UE in 20-MHz cell site, SCH bandwidth = 1.25 MHz and BCH bandwidth = 1.25 MHz
Cell site with 20-MHz transmission bandwidth

Center carrier frequency

BCH
Step 1: SCH
Cell search using synchronization
channel
detect center 1.25 spectrum of
entire 20-MHz spectrum

Step 2: BCH
BCH reception reception

Initiate data transmission

using assigned spectrum
Step 3:
UE shifts to the center carrier frequency
assigned by the system and initiates
data transmission

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 LTE Physical Layer Procedures

Random Access
 Non-synchronized random access.
 Open loop power controlled with power ramping similar to
WCDMA.
 RACH signal bandwidth: 1.08 MHz (6 RBs)
 Preamble based on CAZAC sequence.

UE eNB

1 Random Access Preamble

RA slot = 1 ms

TCP TGP Random Access Response 2

CP Preamble 3 Scheduled Transmission

Contention Resolution 4

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 LTE Physical Layer Procedures

Other Procedures
 Synchronization procedures
– Radio link monitoring
– Inter-Cell synchronization for MBMS
– Transmission timing adjustments
 Power control for DL and UL
 UE procedure for CQI (Channel Quality Indication) reporting
 UE procedure for MIMO feedback reporting
 UE sounding procedure

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 Summary and Conclusions

 On-going standardization in the form of 3GPP Release 8.

– Spec by the end of 2007/early 2008 and target deployment in
2010.
 LTE air-interface.
– Downlink: OFDMA
– Uplink: SC-FDMA
 Support for both FDD and TDD.
 Flexible spectrum allocation (1.25 ~ 20 MHz).
 Advanced MIMO system.

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 Summary and Conclusions

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