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Chapter 4 One-D Steady State Heat Conduction With Heat Generation

This document outlines key concepts in one-dimensional steady-state heat conduction with heat generation. It discusses the governing equations, a two-slab system example, and poses an optimization problem to minimize the temperature at one point. It also provides sample MATLAB code for numerically solving the governing equations over multiple nodes with a heat generation term.

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Harry Rudiyanto
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62 views30 pages

Chapter 4 One-D Steady State Heat Conduction With Heat Generation

This document outlines key concepts in one-dimensional steady-state heat conduction with heat generation. It discusses the governing equations, a two-slab system example, and poses an optimization problem to minimize the temperature at one point. It also provides sample MATLAB code for numerically solving the governing equations over multiple nodes with a heat generation term.

Uploaded by

Harry Rudiyanto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4 One-D Steady State Heat

Conduction with Heat Generation

Outline

• Governing Equation
• Our Bodies (0-D)
• a Two-Slab System (1-D)
• Optimization
• Circuit Analogy Becomes Invalid
Governing Equations
 ∆U = qw – qe.

Steady State  ΔU = 0.

Also, qw = k A[T(i-1) – T(i)]/∆x,

qe = k A[T(i) – T(i+1)]/Δx.

So, T(i-1) – 2T(i) + T(i+1) = -

where = (∆x/k.
A Two-Slab System

• Trapped air + electric blanket


 

• A very coarse grid system


• Find T(3)

Result:
• T(3) = 28.4C ( off)
= 35.2C ( on)
An Optimization Problem
• Goal: to minimize T1
 

• Find such that our goal is achieved


Two 10-minute Classroom Interactive
Questions

(a) The Circuit Analogy is


no Longer valid. Why?

(b) In the optimization problem, why did T1


decrease as Lb increases? Then, after reaching
the minimum, why did it increase as Lb
increases?
Answer:
(a)Due to the existence of q_gen, the heat
flux is no longer constant. In the electric
circuit, the current is constant.

R1 R2
(b) As Lb increases, the influence of 100C at
x=La + Lb on T1 will decrease. So, T1
becomes cooler. After the minimal, as Lb
increases, the increasing magnitude of heat
generation surpasses the increasing distance-
related thermal resistance.
A MATLAB For Loop to Generate 999
Equations
• If there are 1001 nodes in a slab with heat
generation, we can simply generate 999
equations governing T2, T3, …, T1000 as:

for i=2:1000
a(i, i-1)=-1; a(i, i)=2;
a(i, i+1)=-1; b(i) = Qgs;
end

• Qgs is equal to qg*(∆x)^2/k


Check the Units of a Variable
 
Qgs = qg*(x/k
≎ (W/)* () / (W/m-K)
≎ K,

as it should be.
Chapter 5 One-D Fins

Outline

• Our Fingers and Ears


• Governing Equation
• Equivalency between
Algebraic and Differential
• A Seemingly Puzzling
Phenomenon
• Fin Efficiency
• Optimization
Our Ears and Fingers

• frostbites
• same principle as
fin cooling
• extended surfaces
Governing Equations
 
qw = qe + q_conv,

where

qw = k Ac (TW – Ti)/Δx,

qe = k Ac (Ti – TE)/∆x,

q_conv = h p Δx (Ti – )
Special Case
• When h  0, the steady state fin reduces
to a steady state 1-D slab.

insulated insulated
hot cold
insulated insulated
 
A Seemingly Puzzling Problem

• As k  ∞, dT/dx  0,

then what happens to:

•q_base = - k (dT/dx
?
MATLAB Numerical Experiments
k (dT/dx)_x=0 q_base (Watt)
300 2154.3 8.12
340 2028.2 8.67
380 1922.1 9.18
An Optimization Problem
• Goal: maximum cooling effect
• Find: number of fins

• As we increase the number of


fins, we increase the cooling rate.
However, after a certain number
of fins, both h may decrease, and
T_inf may increase, due to blocking of the
air flow.
Computed Result
• A Procedure:

(a) compute a plain


fin problem
(b) obtain one data
point
(c) change n value,
and repeat (a)
 
A 10-minute Classroom Interactive
Question

• Given: our ear, Tb = 37C, = - 20C, k = 0.65, Ac


= 0.03m*0.004m, L = 0.03m, p = 0.04m*2,
T_tip = 0C, assume the edge of our earlobe is
insulated. Take only one interior node.

Find: h
37C 0C 0C
Answer:
Take energy balance over the
control volume surrounding
the only interior node:

• k A (37 – 0)/Δx = h p ∆x (0 – T_inf)

• one equation, one unknown, h


Answer (cont’d):
clc; clear
Tinf=-20; k=0.65; Ac=0.03*0.004;
dx=0.015; dxs=dx*dx; p=0.04*2;
% c1=h*p*dxs/(k*Ac)
c1= 37/(-Tinf);
h=c1*k*Ac/(p*dxs)
% = 8.0167 W/m^2-K

% If it is windier than this, we should


% take caution to protect our ears
Chapter 6 Two-D Steady State Heat
Conduction
Outline

• Governing Equation
• A 3-Interior-Node System
• Over-Specified Boundary
Condition
• Special Case
• Optimization for Cylindrical
Coordinates
Comparisons of 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D
systems

1-D: Ly >> Lx and Lz >>


Lx

2-D: Lz >> Lx and Lz >> Ly

3-D: Lx, Ly, and Lz are


comparable.
Governing Equation
 
qw – qe + qs – qn + q_gen = 0,
where
qw = k Z ∆y (TW – Ti)/Δx,
qe = k Z Δy (Ti – TE)/∆x,
qs = k Z ∆x (TS – Ti)/Δy,
qn = k Z ∆x (Ti – TN)/Δy,
q_gen = Z∆x∆y.
 
3-Interior-Node System

• 3 equations and
3 unknowns,
T2, T3, and T4

• Where should be located such


that is maximum? (at 2, 3, or 4)

• Need to run numerical experiments


Over-Specified Boundary Condition
• Gov. Eq. for T1:
T1 = 100C

• GE for T5:

80 = k∆x(T3-40)/∆y
+ k∆y(T4-T5)/∆x (global energy balance)
 
A Special Case
• When Δx = Δy, = 0,

T(i, j) = 0.25*(TW + TS + TE + TN)

• can be applied to
populations of towns

• T = population
- c dT/dx = population
flux
A 10-minute Classroom Interactive
Question

 
In which case is higher? Or should in both (a)
and (b) be the same? Take ∆x = ∆y.
Answer:
(a) 4T1 – T2 = 150
- T1 + 4T2 = 0 T1 = 40C; T2 = 10C;

(b) 4T1 – T2 = 100 T1 = 30C; T2 = 20C;


- T1 + 4T2 = 50

Tmean in (a) and (b) are the same. (=25C)


But in (a), q_supply = (100-40)+(50-40)=70
q_withdraw = (40-0) + 3*(10-0)= 70
In (b), q_supply = (100-30) + (50-20) = 100
q_withdraw = 2*(30-0) + 2*(20-0) = 100.

MATLAB: a=[4 -1; -1 4]; b=[150 0];


q=a\b’ % = 40C 10C
Answer: (cont’d)
In (a), two sources are crowded together, thus heat
transfer between the system and the surroundings
is not effective.

In (b), two sources are further


separated from each other,
leading to higher heat transfer
between the system and the
surroundings.

MATLAB codes offer Numerical


Experiments.
An Optimization Problem
Computed Result

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