CE 103

Mechanics of Solids- 1

Lecture 3 – Simple Strain

Stress-Strain Curve

Maj Shabab Haider

shababali133@gmail.com
 DISCLAIMER
!
THE STUDENTS ARE STRICTLY ADVISED TO FOLLOW
THE BOOK FOR PREPARATION. THESE SLIDES ARE JUST
FOR HELP AND DO NOT COVER THE ENTIRE SCOPE OF
THE CONTENTS.

2
 Lectures Outlines :

 STRAIN, STRESS AND ITS TYPES

 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
 HOOK’S LAW
 POISSON’S RATIO
 MATERIAL PROPERTIES

3
 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1

Normal Strain:
 When a single force or a system force acts on a body, it
undergoes some deformation.
 Deformation per unit length is known as Normal Strain.
 Mathematically:- Strain=Elongation/Original length

4
 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1

HOOKE’S LAW & ELASTIC MODULUS

 HOOKE’S LAW STATES:
 WHEN A BODY IS LOADED WITHIN ELASTIC LIMIT, THE STRESS IS
PROPORTIONAL TO STRAIN DEVELOPED. OR
 WITHIN ELASTIC LIMIT, RATIO OF STRESS TO STRAIN IS
CONSTANT,
A KNOWN AS MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OR ELASTIC
MODULUS OR YOUNG’S MODULUS,
MATHEMATICALLY
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝝈
= =𝑬
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝗌
The property of material by virtue of which it
returns to its original shape and size upon
removal of load is known as elasticity
 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1

�
𝑷� = 𝜎𝐴
δ𝑥 = 𝜀𝐿

𝐹 = 𝜎𝐴
𝑥𝑷
𝜀𝐿
𝑷𝑳 𝝈
𝑭𝑳
and = =𝑬
δ Aδ 𝗌
𝑨𝒙
δ
A graph of stress against strain will
𝐄𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, ✿
be straight line with gradient of E.
𝑃𝐿 The units of E are the same as the
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸 unit of stress
 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1

AXIAL FORCE & DEFLECTION OF BODY

Deformations of members under axial loading

 If the resulting axial stress does not exceed the proportional
limit of the material, Hooke’s Law may be applied
 Then deformation (x / ) can be written as

𝛿 = 𝐹𝐿
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 𝐴𝐸
 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1
SHEAR STRAIN
The force causes the material to deform as shown. The shear
strain is defined as the ratio of the distance deformed to the
height
𝜹𝒔
Shear strain, 𝜸= (symbol called Gamma)
𝑳

Since this is a very small angle , therefore =𝛾

we 𝜹𝒔
Tancan
𝛾 say that :
𝜸=
𝑳
 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1
SHEAR STRAIN
𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔
=𝑮
𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏
G is called Modulus of elasticity in shear, OR Modulus of Rigidity,

𝛕= 𝐺𝛾 𝑷𝒖𝒕 𝜸 = 𝜹𝑳𝒔 here

𝗒 s = 𝑐𝐿
𝐺
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1
To calculate shear strain

10
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1

11
 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1

12

MOS-1 2023
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1
 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1

Example; A prismatic steel bar having cross sectional area of A=300 mm2 is
subjected to axial load as shown in figure . Find the net increase  in the length of
the bar. Assume E = 2 x 10 5 MPa.

15 kN 15 kN
20 kN
C B A
1m 1 2m
m
 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1

20 kN 15 kN 15 kN
Solution:
C B A
𝑃𝐿 1m 1 2m
𝛿= m
𝐴𝐸 15 A 15
𝛿 = 𝛿𝐶- 𝛿𝐴 B
0 0
𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝛿= -
𝐴𝐸 C 𝐴𝐸 A 20 C 20

 = 20000*1000/(300*2x10 5)-15000*2000/(300*2 x10 5)

= 0.33 - 0.5 = -0.17 mm (i.e. contraction/ compression)
 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1
Problem # 211

A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an aluminum bar as

shown in figure. Axial loads are applied at the position indicated. Find
the largest value of P that will not exceed an overall deformation of 3
mm. or the following stresses 140 MPa in steel, 120 MPa in bronze, and
80 MPa in aluminum. Assume that the assembly is suitably braced to
prevent bucking.
 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1
Problem # 211 : Solution
 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1
Problem # 211 : Solution
 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1
EXAMPLE
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1
 STRESS- STRAIN
Consider anCURVE
axially loaded steel coupon:
A = Original cross-sectional area of the coupon before application of
load
A’ = Cross sectional area of the coupon after application of load
P = Axial load applied on coupon.
L = Original gauge length before application of load.
L’ = Gauge length after application of load
The stress in coupon is,
σ= P/A -------------(a)
The average strain in the gauge length is,
Є= ΔL/L = (L’-L)/L -----(b)
 STRESS- STRAIN
CURVE
One is deformation-controlled test and other is force/load controlled test.
 In deformation-controlled test, you apply the deformation and measure the
load against that deformation.
 In force-controlled test, you monitor the load and measure the
deformation.

Stress strain curve developed in

deformation control environment, and it
has one reason , at last the stress are
decreasing.
Decrease in stress means that you are
decreasing the load. But actually we
applying the load.

you start stretching when bar gives less

resistance , UTM will show the less value.
 STRESS- STRAIN
CURVE
When the coupon is gripped between jaws of Universal Testing
Machine (UTM) and stretched gradually up to rupture.
The load (P) resisted by the coupon and the deformation (ΔL ) produced
between the gauge length are recorded.
Stresses and strains at various deformation/ load levels are calculated from
σ=P/A and Є=ΔL/L
A curve is drawn between the strain (as abscissa) and stress (as ordinate)
known as stress-strain curve.
 Salient Feature of Stress-Strain Curve
of Mild Steel
Youngs Modulus: Initially, the
stress-strain curve is linear, i.e.
the stress is directly
proportional to strains (Hook’s
Law is applicable).
σαЄ=> σ= EЄ
Where E is known as Young’s Modulus,
which is the slope of the initial
straight line of σ-Є curve.

Proportional Limit: The

maximum stress/strain up to
which stress in directly
proportional to strain is known
as proportional limit.
 Salient Feature of Stress-Strain Curve
of Mild Steel
Elastic Limit: The point on the
stress-strain curve up to which if
the coupon is unloaded, then it
will come back to its original
position without any permanent
change in length.

Yield Point: The point at which

there is appreciable elongation
(increase in strain) without any
corresponding increase in
stress,; indeed, the stress may
actually decrease when yielding
occurs.
At yield point the needle stop for some time of
UTM machine. Starting point of yielding is
called yield
point. It recover some deformation on unloading
 Salient Feature of Stress-Strain Curve
of Mild Steel
Ultimate Strength : The
maximum strength on the
stress-strain curve is known as
ultimate strength.

Rupture Strength: The

strength at failure/ rupture of
the coupon is called rupture
strength. Rupture strength is
less than the ultimate strength.

Strain Hardening: The gain in

strength beyond the yielding
of material is called strain
hardening.
 Salient Feature of Stress-Strain Curve
of Mild Steel
Necking: Up to the ultimate
strength, the change in cross
sectional area of coupon is
negligible. However, when the
coupon is stretched beyond the
ultimate point, the cross-sectional
area of the coupon decreases until
rupture occurs. This phenomenon is
called necking.

Actual Rupture Strength: The

rupture strength, when calculated
using the reduced cross-sectional
area, A’ is called actual rupture
strength.
σ’rupture= Prupture/A’
The actual rupture strength
is greater than the rupture strength.
Necking is not necessarily occurred at mid
but where is imperfection necking will start
from that
 Salient Feature of Stress-Strain Curve
of Mild Steel
The area under stress-strain curve is
equal to the work done on the coupon
per unit volume.

Modulus of Resilience: The area

under stress strain curve from origin up
to the yield is known as modulus of
resilience. Resilience is the ability of a
material to absorb energy when it is
deformed elastically and release that
energy upon unloading.

Modulus of Toughness: The total area

under the stress-strain curve from
origin to the rupture point is known as
modulus of toughness. Toughness is the
ability of a material to absorb energy
and plastically deform without
fracturing.
 STRESS- STRAIN
CURVE
Ultimat
e
Stress

Yield Elastic Region

Stres
s

Plastic Region
 STRESS- STRAIN
Ductile CURVE
Material: Materials which g ives warning before
rupture are called ductile
its materials. These materials, exhibiting
large rupture strain, gives large deformation before their failure.
Mild steel, aluminum, etc. are ductile materials.

Brittle Material:
Materials which fails
abruptly without giving
warning in the shape of
large deformation. Plain
cement concrete,
unreinforced brick
masonry, high
steel, etc. are carbon
brittle
materials.
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1

32
 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1

Metals/ Ductile

Concrete/ Brittle

33
 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1
Self Assessment:
The following data was recorded during a
tensile test of a 14 mm diameter mild steel rod.
The gauge length was 50 mm.
Plot stress-strain curve and determine,
a) Proportional limit,
b) modulus of elasticity,
c) yield point,
d) ultimate strength and
e) rupture strength.

34
 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1
Self
Assessment:
A uniform bar of length L, cross
sectional area A, and unit mass ‘𝜌’ is
suspended vertically from one end.
Show that its total elongation is
𝛿=𝜌𝑔𝐿2/2𝐸, if the total mass of the
bar is M, show also that 𝛿=𝑀𝑔𝐿/2𝐴𝐸

35
 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1

VOLUMETRIC STRAIN AND BULK MODULUS (K)

 When a body is subjected to the identical stress  in three
mutually perpendicular directions, the body undergoes uniform
changes in three directions without the distortion of the shape

 The ratio of change in volume to original volume has been

defined as volumetric strain(v )  
v = V/V

Bulk modulus, K is defined as  


K=  / v

 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-1

MODULUS of Rigidity / Shear Modulus (G)

Modulus of rigidity (G) is also termed as Modulus of transverse

elasticity or Shearing modulus within the elastic limit of material.
shear stress ()  shearing strain(ϒ)
Thus =Gϒ
Expresses relation between shear stress
and shear strain

where
Modulus of Rigidity / Shear
Modulus, G =  / ϒ
 DEFINE THE
• FOLLOWING
YOUNG’S MODULUS
• RIGIDITY MODULUS
• BULK MODULUS
• TOUGHNESS MODULUS
• RESILIENCE MODULUS
• STIFFNESS & FLEXIBILITY
• DUCTILITY & BRITTLENESS
• ELASTICITY & PLASTICITY

PRACTICE PROBLEM 224 -228 STRENGTH OF MATERIAL BY ANDREW

PYTEL,
FERDINAND L.SING