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A+ Guide To Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition: All About Motherboards

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
42 views54 pages

A+ Guide To Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition: All About Motherboards

Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 54

A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining

Your PC, 8th Edition

Chapter 4
All About Motherboards
Objectives
• Learn about the different types and features of
motherboards
• Learn how to use setup BIOS and physical jumpers
to configure a motherboard
• Learn how to maintain a motherboard
• Learn how to select, install, and replace a
motherboard

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Your PC, 8th Edition
Motherboard Types and Features
• Motherboard
– Most complicated computer component
– One of the first items to consider when building a
computer
• Consider the following when purchasing a
motherboard:
– Form factor
– Processor socket and chipset
– Buses and number of bus slots
– Other connectors, slots, and ports

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Motherboard Form Factors
• Determines motherboard size, features
– Compatible with power supplies, cases, processors,
expansion cards
• Most popular
– ATX, MicroATX, and Mini-ITX
• Mini-ITX is smaller than MicroATX and is also known as
ITX
• The following slides show examples of form factors
and comparisons of sizes and hold positions of
several form factors

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Figure 4-3 A Mini-ITX motherboard

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Table 3-1 Sockets for Intel processors used for desktop computers

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Processor Sockets
• Processor socket – determines which processors a
board can support
– Socket holds Intel or AMD processor
• Sockets for Intel processors
– Intel makes several Itanium and Xeon processors
designed for servers

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Processor Sockets
• Sockets and processor use different methods to
make contacts between them:
– Pin grid array (PGA) socket
• Pins aligned in uniform rows around socket
– Land grid array (LGA)
• Uses lands (pads) rather than pins
• Examples of LGA sockets: LGA775 and LGA1366
– Flip-chip land grid array (FCLGA) socket
• Chip is flipped over so that the top of the chip is on the
bottom and makes contact with the socket

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Processor Sockets
• Sockets and processor use different methods to
make contacts between them (cont’d):
– Staggered pin grid array (SPGA)
• Pins staggered over socket
• Squeezes more pins into a small space
• Easily bent
– Ball grid array (BGA)
• Not really a socket
• Processor is soldered to the motherboard

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Figure 4-6 Socket LGA775 is the first Intel socket to use lands rather than pins

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Processor Sockets
• Zero insertion force (ZIF) sockets
– All current processor sockets
– Side lever lifts processor up and out of the socket
• Sockets for AMD Processors
– AMD uses the PGA socket architecture (desktops)

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Table 3-3 Sockets for AMD processors used for desktop computers
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Processor Sockets
• Match a processor to the socket and motherboard
– Refer to motherboard, processor compatibility
documentation

Figure 4-9 AMD Athlon 64 processor to be inserted into an AM2+ socket

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The Chipset
• Chipset: set of chips on motherboard that work with
processor to collectively control:
– Memory, motherboard buses, some peripherals
• Manufacturers
– Intel, AMD, NVIDIA, SiS, and VIA
• Intel Chipsets
– North Bridge and South Bridge - Uses hub interface
• All I/O buses (input/output buses) connect to hub
– Hub connects to system bus
• North Bridge – fast end of hub
• South Bridge – slow end of hub

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Figure 4-10 The chipset’s North Bridge and South Bridge control access to the
processor for all components

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The Chipset
• Intel Chipsets (cont’d)
– Core i7 and X58 chipset
• Referred to by Intel as Nehalem chipset
• Contain memory controller within processor housing
• Memory connects directly to processor
• Has QuickPath Interconnect (QPI) technology
– Has 16 lanes for data packets
– Sandy Bridge chipset
• Memory and graphics controller in processor
• Second Generation Core i7 processor is an example
• Sandy Bridge motherboards use DDR3 memory

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Figure 4-11 X58 chipset architecture

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The Chipset
• Intel Chipsets (cont’d)
– Ivy Bridge chipset – 3rd generation processors
released in 2012
• Use less power
• More transistors in a smaller place
• Perform better than earlier products
• Uses a single Platform Controller Hub

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The Chipset
• AMD chipsets
– AMD A-series (code name Trinity)
• Designed to compete with Ivey Bridge chipsets
– AMD 9-series, 8-series, and 7-series
• Designed for gamer, hobbyist, multimedia enthusiast
• Focus on good graphics capabilities
• Support overclocking
– AMD 580X Crossfire chipset
• Supports ATI CrossFire
– AMD 780V chipset
• Designed for business needs
– AMD 740G and 690 chipsets
• Designed for low-end, inexpensive systems
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Your PC, 8th Edition
The Chipset
• NVIDIA, SIS and VIA Chipsets
– All make graphics processors and chipset for AMD
and Intel processors
– NVIDIA’s method of connecting multiple video cards
is called SLI
– If planning a gaming computer using two video
cards:
• Look for a motherboard that supports SLI and uses
the nForce chipset

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Buses and Expansion Slots
• Bus
– System of pathways used for communication
• Carried by bus:
– Power, control signals, memory addresses, data
• Data and instructions exist in binary
– Only two states: on and off
• Data path size: width of a data bus
– Examples: 8-bit bus has eight wire (lines) to transmit

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Figure 4-16 A data bus has traces or lines that carry voltage interpreted
by the CPU and other devices as bits

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Buses and Expansion Slots
• System clock (system timer) – times activities on the
motherboard
• Speed of memory, Front Side Bus, processor, or
other component is measured in hertz (Hz), which is
one cycle per second
– Megahertz (MHz): one million cycles per second
– Gigahertz (GHz): one billion cycles per second
• Motherboards can have more than one bus
– Table 3-4 on the following slide lists many buses

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Table 3-4 Buses listed by throughput

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Buses and Expansion Slots
• Conventional PCI
– Improved several times
– Four types of slots and six possible PCI card
configurations

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Buses and Expansion Slots
• PCI-X
– Uses 64-bit data path
– Latest revision is PCI-X 3.0 (all revisions are
backward-compatible)

Figure 4-19 The two long white


PCI-X slots can support PCI cards

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Buses and Expansion Slots
• PCI Express (PCIe)
– Not backward compatible with conventional PCI or
PCI-X
– Expected to replace both PCI and PCI-X in the future
– Uses a serial bus, which is faster than parallel
– Comes in four different slot sizes
• PCI Express x1, x4, x8, and x16
– Latest version is PCIe 3.0 which doubles the
throughput of version 2.0

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Figure 4-21 Three types of PCIe slots and one conventional PCI slot

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Buses and Expansion Slots
• PCI Riser cards
– Installs in a PCI slot
and provides
another slot at a
right angle
– Used to fit PCI,
PCIe, and PCI-X
Figure 4-23 PCI riser card provides a
cards into a low- 3.3-V slot or 5-V slot depending on
profile or slimline which direction the card is inserted in
case the PCI slot

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Buses and Expansion Slots
• AGP Buses
– Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) – standard used by
motherboard video slots and video cards for years
– Will need to know how to support it even though it is a
dying technology
– AGP standards include:
• Three major releases - AGP 1.0, AGP 2.0, AGP 3.0
• One major change in slot length – AGP Pro
• Four different speeds – 1x, 2x, 4x, and 8x
• Three different voltages
• Six different slots
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Table 3-5 AGP standards summarized

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On-Board Ports and Connectors
• On-board ports (integrated components)
– Ports coming directly off the motherboard
• USB, sound, network, video, eSATA ports
• Older motherboards might have mouse and keyboard
ports, parallel and serial ports
• I/O shield
– Plate installed in computer case providing holes for
on-board ports
• Internal connectors
– Parallel ATA, floppy drive, serial ATA, SCSI, USB or
FireWire (IEEE 1394) connectors
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Your PC, 8th Edition
Configuring a Motherboard
• Motherboard settings
– Enable or disable connector or port
– Set CPU frequency, system bus, other buses
– Control security features
– Control what happens when PC first boots
• Three ways to configure older motherboards:
– DIP switches, jumpers, CMOS RAM
• Today, almost all motherboard configuration data is
stored in CMOS RAM
– Program called BIOS setup or CMOS setup is used to
make changes to settings stored in CMOS RAM
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Using Jumpers to Configure a
Motherboard
• Jumper – two small posts or metal pins that stick up
off the motherboard that is open or closed
– Open jumper has no cover and a closed jumper has a
cover on the two pins
– Retain setup or installation information
– Jumpers can be used to clear a forgotten supervisor
or power-on password

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Figure 4-35 This group of three jumpers controls the BIOS configuration

Figure 4-36 BIOS configuration jumper settings

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Using Setup BIOS To Configure a
Motherboard
• Access the BIOS Setup Program
– Press a key or combination of keys during the boot
process
• Varies from one manufacturer to another
• See documentation for your motherboard or watch the
screen near the beginning of the boot
– Setup screen appears with menus and Help features

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Figure 4-37 BIOS setup main menu

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Using Setup BIOS To Configure a
Motherboard
• Change the boot sequence
– Might need to change boot sequence from hard drive
to DVD
– Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) – new
standard slowly replacing BIOS
• Interface between firmware on motherboard and the
OS
• Improves the boot process
• UEFI is new boot option

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Using Setup BIOS To Configure a
Motherboard
• Configure onboard devices
– Enable/disable a port or group of ports
• View hard drive and optical drive information
• Processor and clock speeds
– Some motherboards allow changing the processor
speed and/or the memory multiplier
• Monitor temperatures, fan speeds, and voltages
• Intrusion detection
– Can enable event logging (logs when case is opened)

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Using Setup BIOS To Configure a
Motherboard
• Power-on passwords
– Assigned in BIOS setup to prevent unauthorized
access to the computer and/or BIOS setup utility
– May be possible to set a supervisor and user password
• If both passwords are set, must enter a valid password
to boot the system
– How to set passwords varies depending on
motherboard and BIOS
• Some allow a System power-on password, which will
require a password be entered every boot
• A Setup power-on password only requires a password
be entered in order to access BIOS setup
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Your PC, 8th Edition
Using Setup BIOS To Configure a
Motherboard
• LoJack
– Technology embedded in the BIOS of many laptops to
protect a system against theft
– Must subscribe to service
– Software and BIOS work together to locate a laptop
whenever it connects to the Internet
• Drive Encryption and Drive Password Protection
– Some motherboards allow you to set a password in
order to access the hard drive
– Password kept on drive so that it still works even if
drive is moved to another computer
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Using Setup BIOS To Configure a
Motherboard
• TPM chip – Trusted Platform Module chip
– BitLocker Encryption in Windows 7/Vista works with
this chip
– Encryption key is kept on chip
– Assures that a drive cannot be used in another
computer
• Virtualization – when one physical machine hosts
multiple activities that are normally on multiple
machines
– Virtualization must be enabled in BIOS setup for VM
software to work
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Using Setup BIOS To Configure a
Motherboard
• Exiting the BIOS setup menus
– Most exit screens give several options

Figure 4-50 BIOS setup Exit menu

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Maintaining a Motherboard
• Motherboard is considered a field replaceable unit
– Need to know how to:
• Update motherboard drivers
• Update flash BIOS
• Replace CMOS battery

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Maintaining a Motherboard
• Update motherboard drivers
– Device drivers are small programs that allow software to
interact with certain hardware
– Use Windows internal drivers, bundled CD drivers, or
download drivers from manufacturer site
• Flash BIOS
– Process of upgrading or refreshing the ROM BIOS chip
– BIOS updates are downloaded from motherboard
manufacturer’s Web site or third party site
– Performed if motherboard unstable, incorporating new
feature, or component
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Maintaining a Motherboard
• Methods of installing BIOS updates
– Express BIOS update
– Update from a USB flash drive using setup BIOS
– Update using a bootable CD
– Recovery from a failed update
• “If it’s not broke, don’t fix it” – only update if you’re
having trouble with a motherboard
• Don’t update unless the update is a later version
than the one installed
• Update should not be interrupted while in progress

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Maintaining a Motherboard
• Replacing the CMOS battery
– Choose correct replacement battery
– Power down system, unplug it, press power button to
drain the power, remove case cover
– Use ground bracelet, remove old battery using a flat-
head screwdriver, pop new battery into place

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Installing or Replacing a Motherboard
• Consider the following when selecting a
motherboard:
– Form factor
– The brand (Intel or AMD) and model processors the
board supports
– Chipset and memory speeds the board supports
– Expansion slots (type and how many needed)
– Hard drive controllers
– Case
– Price and warranty
– Support
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Installing or Replacing a Motherboard
• General process for replacing a motherboard:
– 1. Verify right motherboard is selected
– 2. Get familiar with documentation, features, settings
– 3. Remove components to reach old motherboard
– 4. Set any jumpers on the new motherboard
– 5. Install the I/O shield (metal plate)
– 6. Install motherboard
– 7. Install processor and processor cooler
– 8. Install RAM
– 9. Attach cabling (case switches, power supply,
drives)

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Installing or Replacing a Motherboard
• General process for replacing motherboard (cont’d.)
– 10. Install video card on motherboard
– 11. Plug in PC, attach monitor, keyboard
– 12. Boot system, enter BIOS setup
– 12. Verify settings set to default
• Check time and date
• Make sure abbreviated POST is disabled
• Set the boot order
• Leave everything else at defaults
• Save and exit

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Installing or Replacing a Motherboard
• General process for replacing motherboard (cont’d.)
– 13. Observe POST, verify no errors
– 14. Verify Windows starts with no errors
– 15. Install the motherboard drivers
– 16. Install other expansion cards and drivers
– 17. Verify system operating properly, make final OS
and BIOS adjustments (setting power-on passwords)

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Summary
• The motherboard is the most complicated of all
components inside a computer
• Most popular motherboard form factors are ATX,
MicroATX and Mini-ITX
• Motherboard will have one or more processor
sockets
• Intel, AMD, NVIDIA, and SiS are the most popular
chipset manufacturers
• Major advancements in Intel: Accelerated Hub
Architecture, Nehalem chipsets, Sandy Bridge and
Ivy Bridge chipsets
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Summary
• Buses include conventional PCI, PIC-X, PCI
Express, and AGP
• Some components can be built into the
motherboard, called on-board components
• Most common method of configuring a motherboard
is BIOS setup
• Settings that can be changed include: changing boot
order, enabling or disabling onboard devices,
support for virtualization, and security settings

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Summary
• Motherboard drivers and/or BIOS might need
updating to fix a problem
• CMOS battery might need replacing
• When selecting a motherboard pay attention to the
form factor, chipset, expansion slots, memory slots,
and processors supported
• Study motherboard manual before installing it

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© Cengage Learning 2014
Your PC, 8th Edition

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