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Motor Protection

motor [protection

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Mr Hassan Raza
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64 views11 pages

Motor Protection

motor [protection

Uploaded by

Mr Hassan Raza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Motor Protection

Thermal Stress Causes Motor


•Failure
Most of the motor failure contributors and failed motor
components are related to motor overheating.

• Thermal stress potentially can cause the failure of all the major motor
parts: Stator, Rotor, Bearings, Shaft and Frame.

2
Risks for an Overheated
Motor
• Stator Windings Insulation Degradation
• Insulation lifetime decreases by half if motor operating temperature
exceeds thermal limit by 10ºC for any period of time
110

100

90
For F class
A B F H insulation, stator
PERCENTAGE OF LIFE

80
temperature of
70 165ºC causes
60
motor lifetime to
decrease to 50 %
50
A-CLASS (105 ºC)
40
B-CLASS (130ºC)
(%)

30
F-CLASS (155 ºC)
20
H-CLASS (180 ºC)
10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
TEMPERATURE
(ºC)

• Rotor Conductors Deforming or Melting

3
Motor Electrical
Protection
• Thermal Overload
• Process Caused (Excessive load)
• High Ambient Conditions (Hot, Blocked Ventilation)
• Power Supply Issues (Voltage/Current Unbalance,
Harmonics)
• Phase Fault
• Ground Fault
• Abnormal Operating Conditions
• Over & Under Voltage
• Underfrequency
• Voltage and Current Unbalance

4
Overload Protection - Thermal
Model
A motor can run overloaded without a fault in motor or supply
A primary motor protective element of the motor protection relay
is the thermal overload element and this is accomplished
through motor thermal image modeling. This model must
account for thermal process in the motor while motor is starting,
running at normal load, running overloaded and stopped.

5
Thermal Model - Motor
States
• Motor Stopped:
Current < “0” threshold & contactor/breaker is open.
• Motor Starting:
Previous state is “Stopped” & Current > “0” threshold. Motor
current must increase to the level higher than overload pickup
within
seconds.
• Motor Running:
Previous state is “Starting” or “Overloading” & Current
drops below overload pickup level.
• Motor Overloading:
Previous state is “Running” & Current raises above overload
pickup level.
6
Overvoltage
•Protection
The overall result of an overvoltage condition is a decrease in
load current and poor power factor.
• Although old motors had robust design, new motors are
designed close to saturation point for better utilization of core
materials and increasing the V/Hz ratio cause saturation of air
gap flux leading to motor heating.
• The overvoltage element should be set to 110% of the
motors nameplate unless otherwise started in the data
sheets.

7
Undervoltage
•Protection
The overall result of an undervoltage condition is an increase in
current and motor heating and a reduction in overall motor
performance.

• The undervoltage protection element can be thought of as backup


protection for the thermal overload element. In some cases, if an
undervoltage condition exists it may be desirable to trip the motor
faster than thermal overload element.

• The undervoltage trip should be set to 80-90% of nameplate


unless otherwise stated on the motor data sheets.

8
Unbalance
Protection
• Indication of unbalance > negative sequence current /
voltage
• Unbalance causes motor stress and temperature rise
• Current unbalance in a motor is result of unequal line
voltages
• Unbalanced supply, blown fuse
• Current
• Looseunbalance can also be
or bad connections present due to:
• Incorrect phase rotation
connection
• Stator turn-to-turn faults Motor
Relay
• For a typical three-phase induction motor:
• 1 % voltage unbalance (V2) relates to 6 % current unbalance (I2)
• For small and medium sized motors, only current transformers (CTs) are available
and no voltage transformers (VTs). Measure current unbalance and protect
motor.

9
Ground Fault
Protection
• A ground fault is a fault that creates a path for
current to flow from one of the phases directly to
the neutral through the earth bypassing the load

• Ground faults in a motor occur:


• When its phase conductor’s insulation is
damaged for example due to voltage
stress, moisture or internal fault occurs
between the conductor and ground

• To limit the level of the ground fault current


connect an impedance between the supplies
neutral and ground. This impedance can be in
the form of a resistor or grounding transformer
sized to ensure maximum ground fault current is
10
limited.
Short Circuit
Protection
• The short circuit element provides protection for excessively high
overcurrent faults
• Phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground faults are common types of
short circuits
• When a motor starts, the starting current has asymmetrical
components . These asymmetrical currents may cause one phase
to see as much as 1.7 times the RMS starting current.
• The breaker or contactor must have an interrupting capacity equal
to or greater then the maximum available fault current or let an
upstream protective device interrupt fault current.

32

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