Section 1 Work

Chapter 5

Preview
• Objectives
• Definition of Work
 Section 1 Work
Chapter 5

Objectives
• Recognize the difference between the scientific and
ordinary definitions of work.

• Define work by relating it to force and displacement.

• Identify where work is being performed in a variety of

situations.

• Calculate the net work done when many forces are

applied to an object.
 Section 1 Work
Chapter 5

Definition of Work
• Work is done on an object when a force causes a
displacement of the object.

• Work is done only when components of a force are

parallel to a displacement.
Work
• In physics, work is the magnitude of the force (F)
times the magnitude of the displacement (d) in
the same direction as the force.
• W = Fd
• What are the SI units for work?
– Force units (N)  distance units (m)
– N•m are also called joules (J).
• How much work is 1 joule?
– Lift an apple weighing about 1 N from the floor to
the desk, a distance of about 1 m.
Work
• Pushing this car is work because
F and d are in the same direction.
• Why aren’t the following tasks
considered work?
– A student holds a heavy chair at
arm’s length for several minutes.
– A student carries a bucket of water
along a horizontal path while walking
at a constant velocity.
Work
 Section 1 Work
Chapter 5

Definition of Work
Work is a Scalar

• Work can
be positive
or negative
but does
not have a
direction.
 Classroom Practice Problem

A 20.0 kg suitcase is raised 3.0 m above a

platform. How much work is done on the
suitcase?

• W = m g d = 20 kg (9.81) (3.0 m)

• Answer: 5.9 x 102 J or 590 J

 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5

Preview
• Objectives
• Kinetic Energy
• Sample Problem
 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5

Objectives

• Identify several forms of energy.

• Calculate kinetic energy for an object.
• Apply the work–kinetic energy theorem to solve
problems.
• Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy.
• Classify different types of potential energy.
• Calculate the potential energy associated with an
object’s position.
 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5

Kinetic Energy
• Kinetic Energy
The energy of an object that is due to the object’s
motion is called kinetic energy.

• Kinetic energy depends on speed and mass.

1
KE  mv 2
2
1
kinetic energy =  mass   speed 
2

2
 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5

Kinetic Energy, continued

• Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
– The net work done by all the forces acting on an
object is equal to the change in the object’s kinetic
energy.

• The net work done on a body equals its change in

kinetic energy.
Wnet = ∆KE
net work = change in kinetic energy
 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5

Sample Problem
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
On a frozen pond, a person kicks a 10.0 kg sled,
giving it an initial speed of 2.2 m/s. How far does the
sled move if the coefficient of kinetic friction between
the sled and the ice is 0.10?
 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5

Sample Problem, continued

Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
1. Define
Given:
m = 10.0 kg
vi = 2.2 m/s
vf = 0 m/s
µk = 0.10
Unknown:
d=?
 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5

Sample Problem, continued

Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
2. Plan
Choose an equation or situation: This problem can be
solved using the definition of work and the work-kinetic
energy theorem.
Wnet = Fnetdcos
The net work done on the sled is provided by the force
of kinetic friction.
Wnet = Fkdcos = µkmgdcos
 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5

Sample Problem, continued

Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
2. Plan, continued
The force of kinetic friction is in the direction opposite d,
 = 180°. Because the sled comes to rest, the final
kinetic energy is zero.
Wnet = ∆KE = KEf - KEi = –(1/2)mvi2
Use the work-kinetic energy theorem, and solve for d.
1
– mv i2  k mgd cos 
2
–v i2
d
2k g cos 
 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5

Sample Problem, continued

Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
3. Calculate
Substitute values into the equation:

(–2.2 m/s)2
d
2(0.10)(9.81 m/s2 )(cos180)
d  2.5 m
 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5

Potential Energy
• Potential Energy is the energy associated with an
object because of the position, shape, or condition of
the object.
• Gravitational potential energy is the potential
energy stored in the gravitational fields of interacting
bodies.
• Gravitational potential energy depends on height
from a zero level.
PEg = mgh
gravitational PE = mass  free-fall acceleration  height
 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5

Potential Energy, continued

• Elastic potential energy is the energy available for
use when a deformed elastic object returns to its
original configuration.
1 2
PEelastic  kx
2
1
 spring constant  (distance compressed or stretched)
2
elastic PE =
2

• The symbol k is called the spring constant, a

parameter that measures the spring’s resistance to
being compressed or stretched.
 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5

Elastic Potential Energy

 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5

Sample Problem
Potential Energy
A 70.0 kg stuntman is attached to a bungee cord with
an unstretched length of 15.0 m. He jumps off a
bridge spanning a river from a height of 50.0 m.
When he finally stops, the cord has a stretched
length of 44.0 m. Treat the stuntman as a point mass,
and disregard the weight of the bungee cord.
Assuming the spring constant of the bungee cord is
71.8 N/m, what is the total potential energy relative to
the water when the man stops falling?
 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5

Sample Problem, continued

Potential Energy
1. Define
Given:m = 70.0 kg
k = 71.8 N/m
g = 9.81 m/s2
h = 50.0 m – 44.0 m = 6.0 m
x = 44.0 m – 15.0 m = 29.0 m
PE = 0 J at river level
Unknown: PEtot = ?
 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5

Sample Problem, continued

Potential Energy
2. Plan
Choose an equation or situation: The zero level for
gravitational potential energy is chosen to be at the
surface of the water. The total potential energy is the
sum of the gravitational and elastic potential energy.
PEtot  PEg  PEelastic
PEg  mgh
1 2
PEelastic  kx
2
 Section 2 Energy
Chapter 5

Sample Problem, continued

Potential Energy
3. Calculate
Substitute the values into the equations and solve:
PEg  (70.0 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )(6.0 m) = 4.1 103 J
1
PEelastic  (71.8 N/m)(29.0 m)2  3.02  10 4 J
2
PEtot  4.1 103 J + 3.02  10 4 J
PEtot  3.43  10 4 J
 Section 3 Conservation of
Chapter 5 Energy

Preview
• Objectives
• Conserved Quantities
• Mechanical Energy
• Sample Problem
 Section 3 Conservation of
Chapter 5 Energy

Objectives
• Identify situations in which conservation of
mechanical energy is valid.

• Recognize the forms that conserved energy can

take.

• Solve problems using conservation of mechanical

energy.
 Section 3 Conservation of
Chapter 5 Energy

Conserved Quantities

• In physics, when we say that something is

conserved, we mean that it remains constant.
 Section 3 Conservation of
Chapter 5 Energy

Mechanical Energy
• Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic energy and
all forms of potential energy associated with an object
or group of objects.
ME = KE + ∑PE

• Mechanical energy is often conserved.

MEi = MEf
initial mechanical energy = final mechanical energy
(in the absence of friction)
Mechanical Energy (ME)
• ME = KE + PEg + PEelastic

– Does not include the many other types of energy,

such as thermal energy, chemical potential energy,
and others

• ME is not a new form of energy.

– Just a combination of KE and PE
 Conservation of Mechanical Energy

• The sum of KE and PE remains constant.

• One type of energy changes into another type.
– For a falling book, the PE of the book changes into KE as it falls.
– As a ball rolls up a hill, KE is changed into PE.
 Table of Values for a Falling Object
h (m) PE(J) KE(J) ME(J)

0 19.6 0 19.6

0.5 14.7 4.9 19.6

1.0 9.8 9.8 19.6

1.5 4.9 14.7 19.6

2.0 0 19.6 19.6

 Section 3 Conservation of
Chapter 5 Energy

Sample Problem
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Starting from rest, a child zooms down a frictionless
slide from an initial height of 3.00 m. What is her
speed at the bottom of the slide? Assume she has a
mass of 25.0 kg.
 Section 3 Conservation of
Chapter 5 Energy

Sample Problem, continued

Conservation of Mechanical Energy
1. Define
Given:
h = hi = 3.00 m
m = 25.0 kg
vi = 0.0 m/s
hf = 0 m
Unknown:
vf = ?
 Section 3 Conservation of
Chapter 5 Energy

Sample Problem, continued

Conservation of Mechanical Energy
2. Plan
Choose an equation or situation: The slide is
frictionless, so mechanical energy is conserved.
Kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy are
the only forms of energy present.
1
KE  mv 2
2
PE  mgh
 Section 3 Conservation of
Chapter 5 Energy

Sample Problem, continued

Conservation of Mechanical Energy
2. Plan, continued
The zero level chosen for gravitational potential
energy is the bottom of the slide. Because the child
ends at the zero level, the final gravitational potential
energy is zero.
PEg,f = 0
 Section 3 Conservation of
Chapter 5 Energy

Sample Problem, continued

Conservation of Mechanical Energy
2. Plan, continued
The initial gravitational potential energy at the top of
the slide is
PEg,i = mghi = mgh
Because the child starts at rest, the initial kinetic
energy at the top is zero.
KEi = 0
Therefore, the final kinetic energy is as follows:
1
KEf  mv f2
2
 Section 3 Conservation of
Chapter 5 Energy

Sample Problem, continued

Conservation of Mechanical Energy
3. Calculate
Substitute values into the equations:
PEg,i = (25.0 kg)(9.81 m/s2)(3.00 m) = 736 J
KEf = (1/2)(25.0 kg)vf2
Now use the calculated quantities to evaluate the final
velocity.
MEi = MEf
PEi + KEi = PEf + KEf
736 J + 0 J = 0 J + (0.500)(25.0 kg)vf2
vf = 7.67 m/s
 Section 3 Conservation of
Chapter 5 Energy

Sample Problem, continued

Conservation of Mechanical Energy
4. Evaluate
The expression for the square of the final speed can
be written as follows:
2mgh
vf 
2
 2gh
m
Notice that the masses cancel, so the final speed
does not depend on the mass of the child. This
result makes sense because the acceleration of an
object due to gravity does not depend on the mass
of the object.
 Section 3 Conservation of
Chapter 5 Energy

Mechanical Energy, continued

• Mechanical Energy is
not conserved in the
presence of friction.

• As a sanding block
slides on a piece of
wood, energy (in the
form of heat) is
dissipated into the
block and surface.
 Section 4 Power
Chapter 5

Preview
• Objectives
• Rate of Energy Transfer
 Section 4 Power
Chapter 5

Objectives
• Relate the concepts of energy, time, and power.

• Calculate power in two different ways.

• Explain the effect of machines on work and power.

 Section 4 Power
Chapter 5

Rate of Energy Transfer

• Power is a quantity that measures the rate at which
work is done or energy is transformed.
P = W / ∆t
power = work / time interval

• An alternate equation for power in terms of force and

speed is
P=Fv
power = force  speed
Power!

-The rate of doing work. (How fast we do

work!)

-Since work is a scalar quantity, so is power.

-Symbol: P

-Basic Equations: P = W / t
P = F d /t
P=Fv
-Unit: Watt
Power

• The rate of energy transfer

– Energy used or work done per second
Power

• SI units for power are J/s.

– Called watts (W)
– Equivalent to kg•m2/s3
• Horsepower (hp) is a unit used in the Avoirdupois
system.
– 1.00 hp = 746 W
Watts
• These bulbs all
consume different
amounts of power.
• A 100 watt bulb
consumes 100 joules of
energy every second.
Classroom Practice Problems
• Two horses pull a cart. Each exerts a force of 250.0
N at a speed of 2.0 m/s for 10.0 min.
– Calculate the power delivered by the horses.
– How much work is done by the two horses?
250 N (2) = 500 N
P = F v = 500 N ( 2.0 m/s) = 1000 J/s or 1 kJ/s
10.0 min = 600 s
W = P t = 1000 J / s (600 s) = 600, 000 J
• Answers: 1.0 x 103 W and 6.0 x 105 J
Example Problem
• An electric motor lifts an elevator that weighs 1.2x10 4 Newtons a
distance of 9.0 meters in 15 seconds at constant speed. Determine
the power of the motor.
P=Fv v = d/ t
1.2 x 104 N ( 9.0 m / 15 s) =
7200 W
Power – Time rate of doing work!