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Language of Mathematics - Elementary Logic

1. Elementary logic allows determining the validity of arguments using propositions, logic connectives, quantifiers, and conditionals. 2. A proposition is a statement that can be true or false, expressed using symbols like P, Q, R. Compound propositions convey two or more ideas using connectives like "and" or "or". 3. Quantifiers like "for all" and "there exists" are denoted by symbols like ∀ and ∃ and are used to make statements about groups.

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626 views13 pages

Language of Mathematics - Elementary Logic

1. Elementary logic allows determining the validity of arguments using propositions, logic connectives, quantifiers, and conditionals. 2. A proposition is a statement that can be true or false, expressed using symbols like P, Q, R. Compound propositions convey two or more ideas using connectives like "and" or "or". 3. Quantifiers like "for all" and "there exists" are denoted by symbols like ∀ and ∃ and are used to make statements about groups.

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Sweet Little one Music
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LANGUAGE OF

MATHEMATICS
Elementary Logic
ELEMENTARY LOGIC
Logic allows us to determine the validity of
arguments in and out of mathematics.

Proposition = is a declarative statements is


logic that may expressed an idea which can
be true or false but not both.
= expressed by the symbols P, Q, R or p, q, r
Types of Propositions
1. Simple – means single idea statement
2. Compounds – conveys two or more ideas.
LOGIC CONNECTIVES AND
SYMBOLS
Statements Connective Symbolic Form Type of
Statements
Not p Not P Negation
P and Q And PQ Conjunction
P or Q Or PQ Disjunction
If P, then q If…. Then P Q Conditional
P if and only if If and only if PQ biconditional
q
QUANTIFIER
1. Universal Quantifier “ for all” or “for
every” , denoted by ∀
2. Existential Quantifier “ there exists”
denoted by 
CONVERSE, INVERSE AND
CONTRAPOSITIVE OF A CONDITIONAL
 The Converse of pq is q  q
 The Inverse of pq is p  q
 The Contrapositive of p  q is q  p
EXAMPLES OF LOGIC
A. Write the following in symbolic form using
P, Q, R statements and the symbol
,,,, where

P : The sun is shining


Q : It is raining
R : The ground is wet

1. If it is raining then the sun is not shining


EXAMPLES OF LOGIC
A. Write the following in symbolic form using
P, Q, R statements and the symbol
,,,, where

P : The sun is shining


Q : It is raining
R : The ground is wet

1. If it is raining then the sun is not shining


Answer : Q P
EXAMPLES OF LOGIC
A. Write the following in symbolic form using
P, Q, R statements and the symbol
,,,, where

P : The sun is shining


Q : It is raining
R : The ground is wet

2. It is raining and the ground is wet


EXAMPLES OF LOGIC
A. Write the following in symbolic form using
P, Q, R statements and the symbol
,,,, where

P : The sun is shining


Q : It is raining
R : The ground is wet

2. It is raining and the ground is wet.


Answer : Q  R
EXAMPLES OF LOGIC
A. Write the following in symbolic form using
P, Q, R statements and the symbol
,,,, where

P : The sun is shining


Q : It is raining
R : The ground is wet
3. The ground is wet if and only if it is raining
and the sun is shining
EXAMPLES OF LOGIC
A. Write the following in symbolic form using
P, Q, R statements and the symbol
,,,, where

P : The sun is shining


Q : It is raining
R : The ground is wet
3. The ground is wet if and only if it is raining
and the sun is shining.
Answer: R  (Q  P)
EXAMPLES OF LOGIC
B. Write the statement using ∀ and  as
needed.
1. Everyone in the room is a registered
student .
2. Not all men are mortal.
EXAMPLES OF LOGIC
B. Write the statement using ∀ and  as
needed.
1. Everyone in the room is a registered
student .
2. Not all men are mortal.
Answer:
1. ∀ Person x in the room, x is registered
nurse.
2.  men x such that x is immortal.

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