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1 - Introduction Exergy Change

The document discusses second law efficiencies and exergy change of systems. It defines second law efficiency for various devices, such as heat engines, work-producing devices, and refrigerators. For heat engines, second law efficiency is the ratio of actual thermal efficiency to maximum reversible efficiency. Exergy change of a closed system is defined as the change in internal energy, plus work from pressure-volume changes, minus temperature times entropy changes. Exergy change represents the maximum useful work from a system. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating second law efficiencies and exergy changes.

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Carla Pires
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43 views13 pages

1 - Introduction Exergy Change

The document discusses second law efficiencies and exergy change of systems. It defines second law efficiency for various devices, such as heat engines, work-producing devices, and refrigerators. For heat engines, second law efficiency is the ratio of actual thermal efficiency to maximum reversible efficiency. Exergy change of a closed system is defined as the change in internal energy, plus work from pressure-volume changes, minus temperature times entropy changes. Exergy change represents the maximum useful work from a system. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating second law efficiencies and exergy changes.

Uploaded by

Carla Pires
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SECOND LAW EFFICIENCIES

AND
EXERGY CHANGE OF A SYSTEM
Both heat engines have the same thermal efficiency.
Are they doing equally well?

Because B has a
higher TH, it
should be able to do
better.

Hence, it has a
higher maximum
(reversible)
efficiency.
The second law efficiency is a measure of the performance of a
device relative to what its maximum performance could be
(under reversible conditions).

Second law
efficiency for
heat engine A

For heat engine B, ηII = 30%/70% = 43%


The second law efficiency is 100 percent for
all reversible devices.
SECOND LAW EFFICIENCIES
• For heat engines = ηth/ηth,rev
• For work - producing devices = Wu/Wrev
• For work – consuming devices = Wrev/Wu
• For refrigerators and heat pumps = COP/COPrev
• Wrev should be determined using the same initial and
final states as actual.
• And for general processes = Exergy
recovered/Exergy supplied = 1 – Exergy
destroyed/Exergy supplied
Example 7-6 Second law efficiency of resistance heaters.

Thermal efficiency is 100%. However, COP of a resistance


heater is 1.
What is the COPHP,rev for these conditions? = 1/(1-TL/TH)

It works out to be 26.7


so second law eff. is
COP/COPrev = 1/26.7
or .037 or 3.7%

See now why resistance


heating is so expensive?
Exergy of a fixed mass or closed system. For a reversible
process, the system work:
δW = PdV = (P – P0)dV + P0dV = δWb,useful + P0dV
For the system heat through a
reversible heat engine:

δWHE = (1 - T0/T) δQ
= δQ – T0/T δQ
= δQ – (-T0dS) which gives:
δQ = δWHE – T0dS
Plug the heat and work
expressions into:
-δQ – δW = dU and integrate
to get:
Wtotal useful = WHE + Wb,useful
=(U–U0) + P0(V–V0) – T0(S–S0)
= W = X (exergy)
EXERGY CHANGE OF A CLOSED
SYSTEM
• ΔX = (U2 - U1) + P0(V2 - V1) – T0(S2 - S1) + m(۷22 - ۷12)
+ mg(z2 - z1)
• Can also do it on a per-mass basis, Δφ = ΔX/m.
• The exergy change of a system is zero if the state of
the system or of the environment does not change
– Example – steady-flow system.
• The exergy of a closed system is either positive or
zero.
Even if T<T0 and/or P<P0 the exergy of the system is positive.
In flowing systems, you also have flow energy.
The exergy of flow energy is the useful work that would be
delivered by an imaginary piston in the flow (xflow = Pv – P0v.
Just like with energy, with
exergy you can replace the
u’s with h’s and get the
exergy of a flowing system.

Just like we use θ for the


energy of a flowing system,
we use the Greek letter psi,
ψ, for the exergy of a flowing
system.
Example 7-7 Work Potential of Compressed Air in a Tank.
Assume ideal gas and ke and pe negligible.
Can calculate mass by ideal gas law. Exergy equation:
X1 = m[(u1-u0) + P0(v1-v0) – T0(s1-s0) +V12/2 + gz]
Why? Then use ideal gas law relations and
T1 = T0 to get X1.
Exergy Change During a Compression. Change in exergy
equation for flow systems:
Δψ = (h2 – h1) – T0(s2 – s1) + (V22 – V12)/2 + g(z2 – z1)

Now, with the two states given, find


h’s and s’s and calculate Δψ.

This represents the minimum work


required to compress the refrigerant
between these two states.

This also represents the maximum


amount of work you can get from
expanding this gas again between
the same two states.

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