KELAINAN MORFOLOGI

ERITROSIT
HEMATOLOGI KLINIS
FIK - USB
 |blood film: a basic interpretation
Partners in Global Health Education
A blood film is an essential investigation in classifying and diagnosing the cause of anaemia. A blood sample (anticoagulated venous
sample) is smeared onto a glass slide, fixed and stained. Red cells are examined along with white cells, granulocyte precursors, blast
Contents
cells and platelets.
1. 1Introduction
1.2 use this module
1.3 Learning outcomes Red blood cells appear paler in the centre of the cell due to their biconcave shape. The pinkish colour one observes in a normal blood
  film is a result of the cells unique haemoglobin content. Shape, size and colour are the key variables to observe.
2.1. The erythrocyte
2.2. Erythropoiesis
2.3. Red cell membrane
2.4. Haematinics
2.5. Red cell metabolism Please click on each cell to see the blood film and it’s causes. Please click here to compare blood films
2.6. Haemoglobin
2.7. Ageing and death

Quiz 1 Normal red cell Microcytic Macrocyte Target cell Basket case
  hypochromic
3.0. Defining anaemia.
3.1. Prevalence
3.1. Clinical features

Quiz 2
 
4.0. Classifying anaemia
4.1. red cell indices.
4.2. Morphological Elliptocyte Fragments Tear drop poikilocyte Pencil cell Malarial parasite
classification
4.3. Aetiological
classification

5.0. Blood film: a basic

interpretation.

Quiz 3.
Stomatocyte Sickle cell Spherocyte Acanthocyte
6.0. Glossary

7.0. References

please click on
contents to repeat
a section.
Normal red blood film Microcytic hypochromic Macrocytic megaloblastic Target cells Bite cells

Elliptocyte Fragments Fragments ‘Pencil’ cells Malaria

Stomatocyte Sickle cell Spherocyte Acanthocyte

 |anaemia essential bites
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Microcytic anaemia Macrocytic anaemia Haemolytic anaemias

Contents
1. 1Introduction
1.2 use this module iron deficieny Vitamin B12 &
1.3 Learning outcomes R.C.I: a microcytic hypochromic anaemia G6PD deficieny
  Folate deficiency
Epi: this is the most common cause of anaemia worldwide
affecting around 500million daily. Epi:
Aet: increased
consumption (pregnancy),
Aet: 1. The most common cause of iron deficient anaemia is

2.1. The erythrocyte

Epi: the most common dietary deficiency, folate
BLOOD loss cause of a naemia worldwide antagonist (drugs eg;
methotrexate). Path G6PD is a key enzyme in the hexose monophosphate shunt. An
2. reduced intake (diet) affecting around 500million daily.
important funtion of the shunt is maintain a
3. Increased demand (pregnancy)  folateMCV

2.2. Erythropoiesis
Aet: pernicious Ix. health haemoglobin by removing oxidant stresses. Wihtout the enzyme, Hb
 transferrin saturation. breakdown resulting in haemolytic aneamia.
4. Malabsorption (coeliac, gastrectomy) anaemia, malabsorpion,
gastrectomy
post total
Endoscopy/ colonoscopy if
suspected blood loss. Aet: X-linked
IX. FBC, ferritin,  serum iron, Ix.  B12MCV 

2.3. Red cell membrane platelets. IF antibodies, folate

Si/Sy: Gradual Ix. Direct assay during haemolysis
TIBC,  serum transferrin saturation. levels
deterioration, Irritability, Loss
of memory, Painless Si/Sy: Koilonychia, sore tongue, angular stomatitis, Plummer-
Endoscopy/colonoscopy if suspected blood loss. jaundice, Loss of sensation , Vinson syndrome (dysphagia due to
Si/Sy: Gradual

2.4. Haematinics
Feeling of pins and needles in oesophageal web), painless gastritis.
deterioration, Irritability, Loss of memory,
extremities. ataxic  
Si/Sy. Koilonychia, sore tongue, angular stomatitis, Plummer- Painless jaundice, Loss of sensation ,
  Rx Avoid precipitants of oxidative stress; drugs (anti-malarials,
Feeling of pins and needles in
Vinson syndrome (dysphagia due to oesophageal web), painless extremities. ataxic Txt Intramuscular analgesics), fava beans.
(IM) of 1mg of
gastritis.  

2.5. Red cell metabolism  

Tx. Treat underlying cause, give ferrous sulphate until Hb
Txt
of 1mg of
(Vitamin B12). There is
Intramuscular (IM)
hydroxycobalamin
no oral form.
hydroxycobalamin (Vitamin B12).

form.
There is
no oral
Tx. Blood transfusion if required.

and MCV normal (4-6months).

2.6. Haemoglobin
2.7. Ageing and death

Quiz 1 Β-Thalassaemia Hereditary

  R.C.I.: a microcytic hypochromic anaemia spherocytosis;
3.0. Defining anaemia. Epi:
Common in
One of the most common autosomal inherited disorders.
Mediterranean, Africa and middle east. Gene carriers are

3.1. Prevalence
Epi: the most common cause of anaemia worldwide affecting around
protected from p.falciprum malaria. 500million daily.

Aet: The most common cause of iron deficient anaemia is BLOOD loss
Path: Reduced beta globin (of haemoglobin) production. Ineffective reduced intake (diet)

3.1. Clinical features IX.

erythropoiesis and haemolysis

blood film, Hb electropheresis Ix.

Increased demand (pregnancy)
Malabsorption (coeliac, gastrectomy)

FBC, ferritin,  serum iron, TIBC,  transferrin

saturation. Endoscopy/colonoscopy if suspected blood

Si/Sy. Heterozygotes: often asymptomatic, mild anaemia, low MCV. loss.
Homozygote: severe anaemia, failure to thrive in first 6

Quiz 2 months of life,

 
splenomegaly, bone hypertrophy (secondary to extramedullary
haemopoisis).
Si/Sy: Koilonychia, sore tongue, angular stomatitis, Plummer-

Vinson syndrome (dysphagia due to oesophageal web),

 
painless gastritis.
Tx. For major Thalassaemia treat with repeated blood  
Txt Treat underlying cause, give ferrous sulphate until Hb and MCV
transfusion and iron chelation. normal.

4.0. Classifying anaemia

4.1. red cell indices.
4.2. Morphological
classification
4.3. Aetiological Sickle cell disease Aquired Haemolytic
anaemias;
R.C.I.: a microcytic hypochromic anaemia

classification Aet:
haemoglobin
A group of autosomal recessive genetic disorders due to a
chain mutation. Part of the haemoglobinopathies that
primarily affect those of African origin (sickel cell trait can afford some protection
against malaria. Epi: the most common cause of anaemia worldwide affecting around
500million daily.

5.0. Blood film: a basic

Path: Abnormal haemoglobin (HbS) undergo a sickling Aet: The most common cause of iron deficient anaemia is BLOOD loss
transformation in a deoxygenated state and a permenant conformational change reduced intake (diet)
Increased demand (pregnancy)
of shape. The red cell looses its ability to deform becoming rigid. This can Malabsorption (coeliac, gastrectomy)

interpretation.
cause occlusion of small vessels. These crises are precipitated by
Ix. FBC, ferritin,  serum iron, TIBC,  transferrin
hypoxia, dehydration, infection and the cold.
saturation. Endoscopy/colonoscopy if suspected blood

5.1. Anaemia cards

IX. Electropherisis, haemoglobin solubility test. loss.

Si/Sy: Koilonychia, sore tongue, angular stomatitis, Plummer-

Si/Sy: Bone pain, if chronic haemolysis- jaundice and pigment

Quiz 3. gallstones.
 
Txt Supportive; analgesia, fluids and antibiotics if required.  
Vinson syndrome (dysphagia due to oesophageal web),

painless gastritis.

Txt Treat underlying cause, give ferrous sulphate until Hb and MCV
normal.

6.0. Glossary

7.0. References
Epi. Epidemiology Ix. Investigations R.C.I. Red Cell Indices Tx. Treatment
please click on
contents to repeat KEY
Si/Sy. Signs and Symptoms Aet. Aetiology Path. Pathology
a section.
 Blood film

RBC morphology: normocytic,normochromic.

|blood film: a basic interpretation
Partners in Global Health Education
A blood film can provide key evidence in diagnosing anaemia. It is therefore is an essential part of all investigations into anaemia. A
Contents blood sample (anticoagulated venous sample) will be smeared onto a glass slide, fixed and stained. Red cells are examined along with
1. 1Introduction white cells, granulocyte precursors, blast cells.
1.2 use this module
1.3 Learning outcomes Definitions
Red cells appear paler in their centre of the cell due to their biconcave. The pinkish colour one observes in a normal blood film is a
  result of the cells unique haemoglobin content. Shape, size and colour are the key variables to observe.
2.1. The erythrocyte Normocytic: A cell with an MCV within the normal range
2.2. Erythropoiesis Normochromic: concentration of MCHC is within the
2.3. Red cell structure normal
Please click range
on each cell to see the blood film, causes and explanation.
2.3.1. Cell membrane
2.3.2 DNA synthesis The biconcave red cell when stained shows a classical central
2.4. Red cell metabolism area of pallor on a blood film.
2.5.Haemoglobin
2.6 O2 dissociation curve
  Normal red cell Microcytic Macrocyte Target cell Basket case
3.0. Defining anaemia. hypochromic
3.1. Prevalence
3.2 Clinical features
 
4.0. Classifying anaemia
4.1. red cell indices
4.2. Morphological
4.3 Aetiological classification return
5.0 Blood film: a basic Elliptocyte Fragments Tear drop poikilocyte Pencil cell Malarial parasite
interpretation.

 
5.0. Blood film: a basic
interpretation.

6.0. Glossary
Stomatocyte Sickle cell Spherocyte Acanthocyte
7.0. Quiz
 Blood film

|blood
RBC morphology: Microcytic film: a basic
hypochromic. interpretation
Partners in Global Health Education
A blood film can provide key evidence in diagnosing anaemia. It is therefore is an essential part of all investigations into anaemia. A
Contents blood sample (anticoagulated venous sample) will be smeared onto a glass slide, fixed and stained. Red cells are examined along with
1. 1Introduction white cells, granulocyte precursors, blast cells.
1.2 use this module
1.3 Learning outcomes Red cells appear paler in their centre of the cell due to their biconcave. The pinkish colour one observes in a normal blood film is a
Explanation
  result of the cells unique haemoglobin content. Shape, size and colour are the key variables to observe.
2.1. The erythrocyte Red cells are smaller and lighter than normal and
2.2. Erythropoiesis displaying a typical ‘area of central pallor’.
2.3. Red cell structure Please click on each cell to see the blood film, causes and explanation.
2.3.1. Cell membrane
2.3.2 DNA synthesis Cause
2.4. Red cell metabolism Iron deficient anaemia
2.5.Haemoglobin
2.6 O2 dissociation curve
  Normal red cell Thalassaemia
Microcytic Macrocyte Target cell Basket case
3.0. Defining anaemia. hypochromic
3.1. Prevalence
3.2 Clinical features
 
4.0. Classifying anaemia
4.1. red cell indices
4.2. Morphological
4.3 Aetiological classification return
5.0 Blood film: a basic Elliptocyte Fragments Tear drop poikilocyte Pencil cell Malarial parasite
interpretation.

 
5.0. Blood film: a basic
interpretation.

6.0. Glossary
Stomatocyte Sickle cell Spherocyte Acanthocyte
7.0. Quiz
 Blood film

|blood,megaloblastic
RBC morphology: macrocytic film: a basic (More
interpretation
oval)
Partners in Global Health Education
A blood film can provide key evidence in diagnosing anaemia. It is therefore is an essential part of all investigations into anaemia. A
Contents blood sample (anticoagulated venous sample) will be smeared onto a glass slide, fixed and stained. Red cells are examined along with
1. 1Introduction white cells, granulocyte precursors, blast cells.
1.2 use this module
1.3 Learning outcomes Red cells appear paler in their centre of the cell due to their biconcave. The pinkish colour one observes in a normal blood film is a
  result of the cells unique haemoglobin content. Shape, size and colour are the key variables to observe.
2.1. The erythrocyte Cause
2.2. Erythropoiesis
2.3. Red cell structure Please click on each cell to see the blood film, causes and explanation.
2.3.1. Cell membrane Macrocytic: Macrocytic megaloblastic:
2.3.2 DNA synthesis Liver disease Vitamin B12
2.4. Red cell metabolism
2.5.Haemoglobin Alcoholism Folate
2.6 O2 dissociation curve
  Normal red cell Microcytic Macrocyte Target cell Basket case
3.0. Defining anaemia. hypochromic
3.1. Prevalence
3.2 Clinical features
 
4.0. Classifying anaemia
4.1. red cell indices
4.2. Morphological
4.3 Aetiological classification return
5.0 Blood film: a basic Tear drop poikilocyte Pencil cell Malarial parasite
Elliptocyte Fragments
interpretation.

 
5.0. Blood film: a basic
interpretation.

6.0. Glossary
Stomatocyte Sickle cell Spherocyte Acanthocyte
7.0. Quiz
 Blood film

|blood
RBC morphology: target cellfilm: a basic interpretation
Partners in Global Health Education
A blood film can provide key evidence in diagnosing anaemia. It is therefore is an essential part of all investigations into anaemia. A
Contents blood sample (anticoagulated venous sample)Extra: will beit smeared
is also possible
onto a glasstoslide,
see fixed
one neutrophil
and stained. and
Red two
cellsplatelets.
are examined along with
1. 1Introduction white cells, granulocyte precursors, blast cells.
1.2 use this module
1.3 Learning outcomes Red cells appear paler in their centre of the cell due to their biconcave. The pinkish colour one observes in a normal blood film is a
  Cause
result of the cells unique haemoglobin content. Shape, size and colour are the key variables to observe.
2.1. The erythrocyte
2.2. Erythropoiesis
2.3. Red cell structure Target
Please click on cells
each cell arethefound
to see blood in peripheral
film, causes andblood films in a number of
explanation.
2.3.1. Cell membrane
2.3.2 DNA synthesis conditions.
2.4. Red cell metabolism
2.5.Haemoglobin 1. Liver disease (obstructive jaundice).
2.6 O2 dissociation curve
  Normal red cell 2. Thalassaemia
Microcytic major.
Macrocyte Target cell Basket case
3.0. Defining anaemia. 3.
hypochromicSickle cell anaemia.
3.1. Prevalence
3.2 Clinical features
 
4.0. Classifying anaemia
4.1. red cell indices
4.2. Morphological
4.3 Aetiological classification return
5.0 Blood film: a basic Elliptocyte Fragments Tear drop poikilocyte Pencil cell Malarial parasite
interpretation.

 
5.0. Blood film: a basic
interpretation.

6.0. Glossary
Stomatocyte Sickle cell Spherocyte Acanthocyte
7.0. Quiz
 Blood film
|blood film: a basic interpretation
RBC morphology: basket/blister cell.
Partners in Global Health Education
A blood film can provide key evidence in diagnosing anaemia. It is therefore is an essential part of all investigations into anaemia. A
Contents blood sample (anticoagulated venous sample) will be smeared onto a glass slide, fixed and stained. Red cells are examined along with
1. 1Introduction white cells, granulocyte precursors, blast cells.
1.2 use this module
1.3 Learning outcomes Red cells appear paler in their centre of the cell due to their biconcave. The pinkish colour one observes in a normal blood film is a
  result of the cells unique haemoglobin content. Shape, size and colour are the key variables to observe.
2.1. The erythrocyte
2.2. Erythropoiesis
2.3. Red cell structure Explanation:
Please click on each cell to see the blood film, causes and explanation.
2.3.1. Cell membrane
2.3.2 DNA synthesis
2.4. Red cell metabolism Oxidant damage
2.5.Haemoglobin
2.6 O2 dissociation curve
  Normal red cell Cause:
Microcytic Macrocyte Target cell Basket case
3.0. Defining anaemia. hypochromic
3.1. Prevalence G6PD deficiency
3.2 Clinical features
 
4.0. Classifying anaemia
4.1. red cell indices
4.2. Morphological
4.3 Aetiological classification return
5.0 Blood film: a basic Tear drop poikilocyte Pencil cell Malarial parasite
Elliptocyte Fragments
interpretation.

 
5.0. Blood film: a basic
interpretation.

6.0. Glossary
Stomatocyte Sickle cell Spherocyte Acanthocyte
7.0. Quiz
 Blood filmBlood film
RBC morphology: |blood film: a basic interpretation
basket
Partners in Global Health Education
RBC morphology: Elliptocyte. Bloodcell.
film shows characteristic
A blood film can provide key evidenceelliptical (elongated)
in diagnosing anaemia. Itred cells. is an essential part of all investigations into anaemia. A
is therefore
Contents blood sample (anticoagulated venous sample) will be smeared onto a glass slide, fixed and stained. Red cells are examined along with
1. 1Introduction white cells, granulocyte precursors, blast cells.
1.2 use this module
1.3 Learning outcomes Red cells appear paler in their centre of the cell due to their biconcave. The pinkish colour one observes in a normal blood film is a
  result of the cells unique haemoglobin content. Shape, size and colour are the key variables to observe.
2.1. The erythrocyte
2.2. Erythropoiesis
2.3. Red cell structure Please click on each cell to see the blood film, causes and explanation.
2.3.1. Cell membrane Causes Explanation
2.3.2 DNA synthesis
2.4. Red cell metabolism
2.5.Haemoglobin
Oxidant
• Hereditary damagedue to a defective cell membrane
elliptocytosis:
2.6 O2 dissociation curve protein (Spectrin,Macrocyte
band 4.1).
  Normal red cell Microcytic G6PD deficiency Target cell Basket case
3.0. Defining anaemia. hypochromic
3.1. Prevalence
3.2 Clinical features
 
4.0. Classifying anaemia
4.1. red cell indices
4.2. Morphological
4.3 Aetiological classification return
5.0 Blood film: a basic Tear drop poikilocyte Pencil cell Malarial parasite
Elliptocyte Fragments
interpretation.

 
5.0. Blood film: a basic
interpretation.

6.0. Glossary
Stomatocyte Sickle cell Spherocyte Acanthocyte
7.0. Quiz
 Blood film
Blood film Blood film
|blood
RBC morphology: film:
basket a basic
cell. interpretation
Partners in Global Health Education RBC morphology: Fragments
RBC morphology: Elliptocyte.
A blood film can provide key evidence in diagnosing anaemia. It is therefore is an essential part of all investigations into anaemia. A
Contents blood sample (anticoagulated venous sample) will be smeared onto a glass slide, fixed and stained. Red cells are examined along with
1. 1Introduction white cells, granulocyte precursors, blast cells.
1.2 use this module
1.3 Learning outcomes Red cells appear paler in their centre of the cell due to their biconcave. The pinkish colour one observes in a normal blood film is a
  result of the cells unique haemoglobin content. Shape, size and colour are the key variables to observe.
2.1. The erythrocyte
2.2. Erythropoiesis
2.3. Red cell structure Cause
Please click on each cell to see the blood film, causes and explanation.
2.3.1. Cell membrane Explanation
2.3.2 DNA synthesis
Causes
2.4. Red cell metabolism • Disseminated
OxidantIntravascular
damage Coagulation (DIC)
2.5.Haemoglobin • Hereditary elliptocytosis
• Microangiopathy
2.6 O2 dissociation curve
  Normal red cell • TTP G6PD deficiency
Microcytic Macrocyte Target cell Basket case
3.0. Defining anaemia. • Burns
hypochromic
3.1. Prevalence • Cardiac valves
3.2 Clinical features
 
4.0. Classifying anaemia
4.1. red cell indices
4.2. Morphological
4.3 Aetiological classification return
5.0 Blood film: a basic Tear drop poikilocyte Pencil cell Malarial parasite
Elliptocyte Fragments
interpretation.

 
5.0. Blood film: a basic
interpretation.

6.0. Glossary
Stomatocyte Sickle cell Spherocyte Acanthocyte
7.0. Quiz
 Blood film
Blood film
|blood
RBC morphology: film:
basket a basic
cell. interpretation
Partners in Global Health Education
RBC morphology: Tear drop poikilocyte
A blood film can provide key evidence in diagnosing anaemia. It is therefore is an essential part of all investigations into anaemia. A
Contents blood sample (anticoagulated venous sample) will be smeared onto a glass slide, fixed and stained. Red cells are examined along with
1. 1Introduction white cells, granulocyte precursors, blast cells.
Definition: Poikilocyte; an individual cell of abnormal shape
1.2 use this module
1.3 Learning outcomes Red cells appear paler in their centre of the cell due to their biconcave. The pinkish colour one observes in a normal blood film is a
  result of the cells unique haemoglobin content. Shape, size and colour are the key variables to observe.
2.1. The erythrocyte
2.2. Erythropoiesis
2.3. Red cell structure Please click on each cell to see the blood film, causes and explanation.
2.3.1. Cell membrane Explanation
Cause
2.3.2 DNA synthesis
2.4. Red cell metabolism
2.5.Haemoglobin
Oxidant damage
• Myelofibrosis
2.6 O2 dissociation curve • ExtramedullaryMacrocyte
haemopoiesis
  Normal red cell Microcytic G6PD deficiency Target cell Basket case
3.0. Defining anaemia. hypochromic
3.1. Prevalence
3.2 Clinical features
 
4.0. Classifying anaemia
4.1. red cell indices
4.2. Morphological
4.3 Aetiological classification return
5.0 Blood film: a basic Tear drop poikilocyte Pencil cell Malarial parasite
Elliptocyte Fragments
interpretation.

 
5.0. Blood film: a basic
interpretation.

6.0. Glossary
Stomatocyte Sickle cell Spherocyte Acanthocyte
7.0. Quiz
 Blood film
Blood film
RBC morphology: “Pencil”
RBC morphology: |bloodcell.
basketfilm:
These a basic
cell. are thininterpretation
elongated
Partners in Global Health Education cells. Often occur alongside microcytic
A blood film can provide key evidence hypochromic
in diagnosing anaemia.
cells, Itpoikilocyte
is therefore is an essential
and part oftarget
occasional all investigations
cells. into anaemia. A
blood sample (anticoagulated venous sample) will be smeared onto a glass slide, fixed and stained. Red cells are examined along with
Contents white cells, granulocyte precursors, blast cells.
1. 1Introduction
1.2 use this module Red cells appear paler in their centre of the cell due to their biconcave. The pinkish colour one observes in a normal blood film is a
1.3 Learning outcomes
result of the cells unique haemoglobin content. Shape, size and colour are the key variables to observe.
 
2.1. The erythrocyte
2.2. Erythropoiesis
2.3. Red cell structure Explanation
Please click on each cell to see the blood film, causes and explanation.
Explanation
2.3.1. Cell membrane
2.3.2 DNA synthesis
Iron deficiency
Oxidant damage
2.4. Red cell metabolism
2.5.Haemoglobin
2.6 O2 dissociation curve Normal red cell Microcytic Macrocyte Target cell Basket case
 
G6PD deficiency
hypochromic
3.0. Defining anaemia.
3.1. Prevalence
3.2 Clinical features
 
4.0. Classifying anaemia
4.1. red cell indices
4.2. Morphological
4.3 Aetiological classification return
5.0 Blood film: a basic Elliptocyte Fragments Tear drop poikilocyte Pencil cell Malarial parasite
interpretation.

 
5.0. Blood film: a basic
interpretation.

6.0. Glossary Stomatocyte Sickle cell Spherocyte Acanthocyte

7.0. Quiz
 Blood film
Blood film
RBC morphology: |blood
Ring-forms
RBC morphology: film:
basket a basic interpretation
in cell.
P.falciprum
Partners in Global Health Education Intracellular malarial parasite
A blood film can provide key evidence in diagnosing anaemia. It is therefore is an essential part of all investigations into anaemia. A
blood sample (anticoagulated venous sample) will be smeared onto a glass slide, fixed and stained. Red cells are examined along with
Contents white cells, granulocyte precursors, blast cells.
1. 1Introduction
1.2 use this module Red cells appear paler in their centre of the cell due to their biconcave. The pinkish colour one observes in a normal blood film is a
1.3 Learning outcomes
result of the cells unique haemoglobin content. Shape, size and colour are the key variables to observe.
 
2.1. The erythrocyte Explanation
2.2. Erythropoiesis
2.3. Red cell structure Please click on each cell to see the blood film, causes and explanation.
2.3.1. Cell membrane
A certain Explanation
amount of haemolysis occurs with all types of
2.3.2 DNA synthesis malarial infection. It can lead to DIC and intravascular
2.4. Red cell metabolism haemolysis.Oxidant damage
2.5.Haemoglobin
2.6 O2 dissociation curve Normal red cell Microcytic Macrocyte
G6PD deficiency
Malaria: Transmitted Target causes
by the mosquito this disease cell up to 3Basket case
  hypochromic
3.0. Defining anaemia. million deaths a year and is a major cause of anaemia within the
3.1. Prevalence tropics! See malaria module for more information.
3.2 Clinical features
 
4.0. Classifying anaemia
4.1. red cell indices
4.2. Morphological
4.3 Aetiological classification return
5.0 Blood film: a basic Elliptocyte Fragments Tear drop poikilocyte Pencil cell Malarial parasite
interpretation.

 
5.0. Blood film: a basic
interpretation.

6.0. Glossary Stomatocyte Sickle cell Spherocyte Acanthocyte

7.0. Quiz
 Blood film
Blood film

RBC morphology:
RBC morphology:
|blood film: a basic interpretation
basket cell.
Stomatocyte
Partners in Global Health Education
A blood film can provide key evidence in diagnosing anaemia. It is therefore is an essential part of all investigations into anaemia. A
blood sample (anticoagulated venous sample) will be smeared onto a glass slide, fixed and stained. Red cells are examined along with
Contents white cells, granulocyte precursors, blast cells.
1. 1Introduction
1.2 use this module Red cells appear paler in their centre of the cell due to their biconcave. The pinkish colour one observes in a normal blood film is a
1.3 Learning outcomes
result of the cells unique haemoglobin content. Shape, size and colour are the key variables to observe.
 
2.1. The erythrocyte
2.2. Erythropoiesis
2.3. Red cell structure Please click on each cell to see the blood film, causes and explanation.
Explanation
Explanation
2.3.1. Cell membrane
2.3.2 DNA synthesis
2.4. Red cell metabolism Oxidant damage
Liver disease
2.5.Haemoglobin
Alcoholism
2.6 O2 dissociation curve Normal red cell Microcytic Macrocyte Target cell Basket case
 
G6PD deficiency
hypochromic
3.0. Defining anaemia.
3.1. Prevalence
3.2 Clinical features
 
4.0. Classifying anaemia
4.1. red cell indices
4.2. Morphological
4.3 Aetiological classification return
5.0 Blood film: a basic Elliptocyte Fragments Tear drop poikilocyte Pencil cell Malarial parasite
interpretation.

 
5.0. Blood film: a basic
interpretation.

6.0. Glossary Stomatocyte Sickle cell Spherocyte Acanthocyte

7.0. Quiz
 Blood film
Blood film
|blood
RBC morphology: film:
basket a basic
cell. interpretation
Partners in Global Health Education
RBC morphology: Sickle cell
A blood film can provide key evidence in diagnosing anaemia. It is therefore is an essential part of all investigations into anaemia. A
blood sample (anticoagulated venous sample) will be smeared onto a glass slide, fixed and stained. Red cells are examined along with
Contents white cells, granulocyte precursors, blast cells.
1. 1Introduction
1.2 use this module Red cells appear paler in their centre of the cell due to their biconcave. The pinkish colour one observes in a normal blood film is a
1.3 Learning outcomes Explanation
result of the cells unique haemoglobin content. Shape, size and colour are the key variables to observe.
 
2.1. The erythrocyte In sickle cell anaemia the red blood cell undergoes a
2.2. Erythropoiesis
2.3. Red cell structure Please “sickling”
click on eachprocess
cell to seedue the cell
the blood film,containing haemoglobin S.
causes and explanation.
Explanation
2.3.1. Cell membrane
2.3.2 DNA synthesis In a deoxygenated state this haemoglobin undertakes a permanent
2.4. Red cell metabolism Oxidant damage
conformational change creating large polymers. As a result these
2.5.Haemoglobin
2.6 O2 dissociation curve cells become rigid and unable to deform. The red cell eventually Basket case
Normal red cell Microcytic Macrocyte Target cell
  looses its G6PD deficiency
cell membrane and becomes damaged as it travels
hypochromic
3.0. Defining anaemia. through the circulation changing into the sickled shape we see. This
3.1. Prevalence eventually leads to an early cell death (hemolysis).
3.2 Clinical features
 
4.0. Classifying anaemia
4.1. red cell indices
4.2. Morphological
4.3 Aetiological classification return
5.0 Blood film: a basic Elliptocyte Fragments Tear drop poikilocyte Pencil cell Malarial parasite
interpretation.

 
5.0. Blood film: a basic
interpretation.

6.0. Glossary Stomatocyte Sickle cell Spherocyte Acanthocyte

7.0. Quiz
 Blood film
Blood film
RBC morphology: Micro-Spherocyte. This slide shows spherocytes
RBC |blood
caused by hereditary
morphology: film:
basket a basic interpretation
spherocytosis.
cell.
They sit amongst
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larger polychromatic red cells.
A blood film can provide key evidence in diagnosing anaemia. It is therefore is an essential part of all investigations into anaemia. A
blood sample (anticoagulated venous sample) will be smeared onto a glass slide, fixed and stained. Red cells are examined along with
Contents white cells, granulocyte precursors, blast cells.
1. 1Introduction
1.2 use this module Red cells appear paler in their centre of the cell due to their biconcave. The pinkish colour one observes in a normal blood film is a
1.3 Learning outcomes
result of the cells unique haemoglobin content. Shape, size and colour are the key variables to observe.
 
2.1. The erythrocyte
Cause | Explanation
2.2. Erythropoiesis
2.3. Red cell structure Please click on each cell to see the blood film, causes and explanation.
Explanation
2.3.1. Cell membrane Abnormality of cytoskeleton proteins. These cells
2.3.2 DNA synthesis
are excessively
Oxidant damage permeable to sodium influx. Cell
2.4. Red cell metabolism
2.5.Haemoglobin looses membrane on passage through
2.6 O2 dissociation curve Normal red cell Microcytic reticuloendothelial
G6PD Macrocyte
deficiency system. Red cellcell
Target osmotic fragility
Basket case
  hypochromic is characteristically increased.
3.0. Defining anaemia.
3.1. Prevalence
3.2 Clinical features
 
4.0. Classifying anaemia
4.1. red cell indices
4.2. Morphological
4.3 Aetiological classification return
5.0 Blood film: a basic Elliptocyte Fragments Tear drop poikilocyte Pencil cell Malarial parasite
interpretation.

 
5.0. Blood film: a basic
interpretation.

6.0. Glossary Stomatocyte Sickle cell Spherocyte Acanthocyte

7.0. Quiz
 Blood film
Blood film
RBC morphology: |blood film: a basic interpretation
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RBC morphology: “Prickle”basket cell. echinocytes.
cell or small
A blood film can provide key evidenceEspecially
in diagnosingprominent intherefore
anaemia. It is postsplenectomy
is an essential patients.
part of all investigations into anaemia. A
blood sample (anticoagulated venous sample) will be smeared onto a glass slide, fixed and stained. Red cells are examined along with
Contents white cells, granulocyte precursors, blastDefinition:
cells.
1. 1Introduction
Echinocyte: cell with abnormal blunt or sharp
1.2 use this module projections on surface. Can be up to 30 projections per cell.
Red cells appear paler in their centre of the cell due to their biconcave. The pinkish colour one observes in a normal blood film is a
1.3 Learning outcomes
result of the cells unique haemoglobin content. Shape, size and colour are the key variables to observe.
 
2.1. The erythrocyte
2.2. Erythropoiesis
2.3. Red cell structure Please click on each cell to see the blood film, causes and explanation.
Explanation
Explanation
2.3.1. Cell membrane
2.3.2 DNA synthesis
2.4. Red cell metabolism Oxidant
• Pyruvate kinase damage
deficiency
2.5.Haemoglobin
2.6 O2 dissociation curve Normal red cell Microcytic Macrocyte Target cell Basket case
 
G6PD deficiency
hypochromic
3.0. Defining anaemia.
3.1. Prevalence
3.2 Clinical features
 
4.0. Classifying anaemia
4.1. red cell indices
4.2. Morphological
4.3 Aetiological classification return
5.0 Blood film: a basic Elliptocyte Fragments Tear drop poikilocyte Pencil cell Malarial parasite
interpretation.

 
5.0. Blood film: a basic
interpretation.

6.0. Glossary Stomatocyte Sickle cell Spherocyte Acanthocyte

7.0. Quiz
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