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H.263:Video Compression Standard: Presented By:ekta Tiwari

Video has a high "bandwidth" (i.e. Many bytes of information per second) applications require video compression or video coding technology to reduce the bandwidth before transmission. The H.263 standard supports video compression (coding) for video-conferencing and video-telephony applications.

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Ekta Tiwari
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257 views23 pages

H.263:Video Compression Standard: Presented By:ekta Tiwari

Video has a high "bandwidth" (i.e. Many bytes of information per second) applications require video compression or video coding technology to reduce the bandwidth before transmission. The H.263 standard supports video compression (coding) for video-conferencing and video-telephony applications.

Uploaded by

Ekta Tiwari
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Priyadarshini College of Engineering

Nagpur

SEMINAR
ON

H.263 :Video compression


standard

Presented by:Ekta Tiwari


Roll no:03
Why video compression ?
• In each case video information (and perhaps audio as well) is
transmitted over telecommunications links, including
networks, telephone lines, ISDN and radio.
• Video has a high "bandwidth" (i.e. many bytes of information
per second) and so these applications require video
compression or video coding technology to reduce the
bandwidth before transmission.
• Main reasons for compression of digital video:
• a) large storage requirement (a 30 minute video may require
50 GB of storage!!!)
• b) limited network bandwidth for real time video transmission
Video coding
Introduction
• The H.263 standard, published by the
International Telecommunications Union (ITU).
• It supports video compression (coding) for
video-conferencing and video-telephony
applications.
The H.263 system
• A number of video coding standards exist,
each of which is designed for a particular type
of application:
• for example, JPEG for still images, MPEG2 for
digital television and H.261 for ISDN video
conferencing.
• H.263 is aimed particularly at video coding for
low bit rates (typically 20-30kbps and above).
Digitization formats
• QCIF:Y=176 x 144, Cb =Cr =88 x 72
• S-QCIF:Y=128 x 96, Cb =Cr =64 x 68
• Frame refresh rate =15 or 7.5 fps
Types of frames
• I frame (intra-coded)
– Coded without reference to other frames
• P frame (predictive-coded)
– Coded with reference to a previous reference frame (either
I or P)
– Size is usually about 1/3rd of an I frame
• B frame (bi-directional predictive-coded)
– Coded with reference to both previous and future
reference frames (either I or P)
– Size is usually about 1/6th of an I frame
GOP (Group of Pictures)
• GOP is a set of
consecutive frames that
can be decoded without
any other reference
frames
• Usually 12 or 15 frames
• Transmitted sequence is
not the same as displayed
sequence
• Random access to middle
of stream – Start with I
frame
Blocks
• Process the data in blocks of 8x8 samples
• • Convert Red-Green-Blue into Luminance (grayscale) and
• Chrominance (Blue color difference and Red color
difference)
• • Use half resolution for Chrominance (because eye is
more sensitive to grayscale than to color)
H.263 Encoder
Motion estimation and compensation
• The first step in reducing the bandwidth is to subtract
the previous transmitted frame from the current
• frame so that only the difference or residue needs to
be encoded and transmitted.
Motion Compensation
• Subtract the reference area from the current
macroblock
• – difference macroblock
• Encode the difference macroblock with an
image encoder
• • If motion estimation was effective
• – little data left in difference macroblock
• – more efficient compression.
Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
• The DCT transforms a block of pixel values (or residual values) into a set of
"spatial frequency“ coefficients.
• This is analogous to transforming a time domain signal into a frequency
domain signal using a Fast Fourier Transform.
• Transform each block of 8x8 samples into a block of 8x8 spatial frequency
coefficients
• – energy tends to be concentrated into a few significant coefficients
• – other coefficients are close to zero / insignificant
Quantization
• Divide each DCT coefficient by an integer,
discard remainder
• Result: loss of precision
• Typically, a few non-zero coefficients are left
Entropy encoding
• An entropy encoder (such as a Huffman
encoder) replaces frequently-occurring values
with short binary codes and replaces
infrequently-occurring values with longer
binary codes.
Frame store
• The current frame must be stored so that it
can be used as a reference when the next
frame is encoded
H.263 Decoder
Entropy decode

• The variable-length codes that make up the


H.263 bit stream are decoded in order to
extract the coefficient values.
Rescale
• This is the "reverse" of quantization: the
coefficients are multiplied by the same scaling
factor that was used in the quantizer.
Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform
• The IDCT transforms a set of "spatial
frequency“ coefficients into a block of pixel
values (or residual values)
Applications
• Videoconferencing and videotelephony have a
wide range of applications including:
• desktop and room-based conferencing
• video over the Internet and over telephone lines
• surveillance and monitoring
• telemedicine (medical consultation and
diagnosis at a distance)
• computer-based training and education
References
• Multimedia Communications By Halsall Fred
• Introduction to Image and Video Coding© Iain
E G Richardson 2001, 2002
Thank you!!!

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