COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BOX

CULVERT USING STAAD PRO

CONSIDERING VARIOUS PARAMETERS

Project By-
NAME- CHANDININ SUMAN SAHOO
M.TECH(STRUCTURALENGINEERING)
REGD NO-1907106159
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
 

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
BHUBANESWAR

GUIDED BY
MISS. PADMABATI SAHOO
Assistant professor, CET
INTRODUCTION:-

 What is Culvert ?
Culvert is a Hydraulically short conduit which conveys stream flow
through a roadway embankment or past some other type of flow
obstruction . It is a short span bridge having length generally less then 6m.
 What is Box Culvert?
Box culvert is hydraulic structure consisting of two horizontal and two
vertical slabs built monolithically are ideally suited for a road or railway
bridge crossing with high embankments crossing a stream with limited
flow .
 Four-sided culverts are typically referred to as box culverts made of
single or multiple cells for passage of fluid, usually storm water for
small discharge single ceiled box culvert is used and for larger
discharges multi ceiled box culvert can be employed.
 Precast reinforced concrete (RC) box culverts are very common and
usually constructed as single or multicell culverts.
By using one or more intermediate vertical walls multiple cell box culverts
is obtained. Multiple cell reinforced box culverts are ideal bridge
structure if the discharge in a drain crossing the road is large and if
the bearing capacity of the soil is low the single box culvert becomes
uneconomical because of the higher thickness of the slab and walls. In such
cases, more than one box can be constructed side by side monolithically.

Single cell box Double cell box

culvert culvert
Components of Box Culverts
 Bottom Slab  Vertical walls  Deck Slab  Haunch  Wing Wall
 Earth Retainer
APPLICATIONS:-

 Short-span bridges (over highways, waterways,
railways etc.)
 Conveyance of stormwater, sewage or industrial
wastes (storm drains)
 Tunnels (to house conveyers, utilities, etc; to provide
access, escape routes, etc.)
 Detention (Multicell box culvert installation to
economically provide storage of storm water runoff.)
TYPES OF CULVERTS On basis of material According to the
used Classification by Loading
On basis of shape as per IRC

Pipe culvert Steel IRC-CLASS-70 R

Pipe Arch culvert Plastic IRC-CLASS-A
Box Culvert Aluminum IRC-CLASS-B
(single/multiple) High density
polyethylene
Arch culvert
Timber
Bridge culvert

IRC-CLASS-70 R: - It is a loading which used by the municipality which

includes industrial areas along with major highways, bridges culverts etc. As
per IRC 6, the value for Class 70 R provided is 350 KN for tracked vehicle.
IRC-CLASS-A: - This loading is preferred on each and every roads on which
permanent structures are made such as bridges, culverts etc. As per IRC 6,
the value for Class A provided is 114 KN for wheeled vehicle.
IRC-CLASS-B: - This loading is preferred on each and every road on which
temporary structures are made and for bridges the different materials are
used respect to situations. As per IRC 6, the value for Class B provided is 68
KN for wheeled vehicle.
 Literature review:-

Sujata Shreedhar, R. Shreedhar (2013), had find out the coefficients for

moment, shear and thrust of single and two cell box culvert by using Staad
Pro software. The result is The design of box culvert includes the information
regarding the effect different ratio L/H=1.0, L/H=1.25 etc. Also moments
and loads are found out.

Neha Kolate, Molly Mathew, Snehal Mali (2014), had study by using
manually calculation and IRC code for bridges and road by taking all the
design considerations factors. The result is the box culvert are economical
than the pipe drain and also it have various advantage and design factor may
be affected if it is done properly.

B. Sravanthi, G. Ramakrishna Rao, Dr. M. Kameshwara Rao (2015), had
done manually design and check all the design factor and coefficients by
using codes IRC& IS Codes somewhat using Staad pro software also. The
Result is the advantages of box culvert either it is single or double depends
on the span length and some other factors.

Ketan Kishor Sahu, Shraddha Sharma (2015), had study by using software
hydraulic parameters, graphs, charts, tables are showing variations in test result
for different aspect ratio which are bending moment, shear force, discharge
capacity, loads etc are find out. Result is declared on the basis of the software


analysis tables for hydraulic parameter, bending moment for bottom slab, side
walls and top slab are shown in tables for different aspect ratio of cell.


M. Bilal Khan, M. Parvez Alam (2015), This paper includes the hydraulic design which
are the catchment area, maximum HFL, longitudinal area, cross section, velocity
observation and estimation of discharge by rational method empirical formula (dickens
formula), critical depth and height of jump also decides the area and length of apron. The
culvert are designed by manual calculations which gives size and shape of box according
to discharge and depth of scour deciding the jump is undular jump and required to be
made of 2m×2m box culvert.


A. D Patil, A. A Galatage (2016), had done analysis by using manually work the design
and analysis factors of box can be done with cushioning and without cushioning the
maximum bending moment in each and every loading can be determined. The result is
the load combination to be found very critical for all aspect ratio bending moments for
different ratio or aspect is varying or constant for with and without cushion. The effect of
water for aspect ratio 1:1.5 is negligible and for 2:3 is empty.

Afzal Hamif Sharif (2016), had done study by using moment distribution method
and Staad pro software. Compared them and check out all the structural elements for
safety of bridge. The results are the advantage of box culvert and their design critical
and span length according by ratio of cell and number of cell.


Vaishali Turai, Ashish Waghmare (2016), had study the Berackeven Method / Pay
Back period cost, time, labor and material by analytic method. The result is by using
both method they conclude cost and time of precast structure is less than the cost of
in situ structure.
Ayush Tiwari, Dr. Sudhir S. Bhadouria (2017), had done study of solid slab and
R.C.C Box which was evaluated by estimation of quantities and specifications and
SOR detailing of each work. The result is for span up to 9m RCC Box type bridges
should be implemented after which the solid slab should be preference for the span
range up to 15m.


Ajay R. Polra, Pro. P. Chandresha, Dr. K.B Parikh (2017), had done the analysis and
comparison of box culvert by using design consideration like coefficient of earth
pressure, cushion, width or angle of dispersion and load case for design. The result is
without cushion or with cushion and angle of dispersion is zero there will be
maximum live load effect and greater stresses are created without cushion.

Mahesh D. Kakade, Rajkumar A. Dubai (2017), had study by using FEM
(ANSYS) Software and IRC guidelines. The problem taken of 3m×3m box
culvert the braking force, design moments, total loads all calculated and
check for deformation normal stress, principle stress, Von missle stress for
without and with cushion conditions. The result is the deformation without

cushion is more ,maximum principle stress without cushion is more, also
normal stress, shear stress, and equivalent stress are more without
cushioning.


Saurav, Ishaan Pandey (2017), had done comparative analysis study of analysis of
conventional method using Staad pro software and FEM using ANSYS Software. The
result are by using both analysis they conclude that 16.8% FEM through ANSYS
Software saves large amount of money and gives the more economical design.

Zengabriel Gebremedhn, Guofu Qiao, Jilong Li (2018), This paper includes the
modeling and analysis of precast reinforcement box culvert with FEM and using
ABAQUS and tested the box the stress and deflections and check the box how its
behave by plotting the load deflection graph and loads stress graph. The result shows
the Modeling and analysis of prefabricated box and knowing the steelrequirements
and main things is load and deflection curve and load stress curve are showing using
the F.E.M analysis there is warning of structure before failure of structure is getting.
SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE:-
1. To study the effect of different load combinations which will

produces worst effect for safe structural design.
2. To study the behavior of single cell and double cell box culvert
with fixed support and without fixed support for different
aspect ratios of cell for same width and channel length of
culvert.

ASPECT RATIO : Aspect ratio is the non-dimensional quantity;

it is ratio of span of culvert to its height. This terminology is used
here to put variation in bending moment, percentage variation in
steel and the total cost of Box culvert in simplified and specific
manner.
Aspect ratio = span / height = L / H
METHODOLOGY:-
1. In the present work IRC class 70R tracked live load is considered


on the box culvert.of 5m channel length with 2.5 m to 4.5 m
height variation .
2. The analysis is performed considering a unit wide strip along the
longitudinal axes using STAAD PRO
3. A single cell box culvert without continuous fixed support on
bottom slab is analyzed manually considering IRC CLASS 70R
loading taking different load conditions and results obtained are
validated using STAAD PRO. The variation between the STAAD
and manual calculation is observed.
4. The effect of aspect ratio is studied for single and multi cell box
culvert with and without continuous fixed support on bottom
slab for different load cases.
5. A comparison is made between single and double cell box culvert
for same width and channel length of culvert for same height of
box culvert.
 For the purpose of design, culverts are subjected to following
cases:
Case-1:Dead Load, Live Load and Earth Pressure Acting from
Outside, no Water Pressure Acting from Inside.

Case-2:Dead Load, Live Load and Earth Pressure Acting from
Outside, Water Pressure Acting from Inside.

Case-3: live load and dead load on top slab, lateral load due to earth
pressure, water pressure from inside and lateral load due to dead
load only
PROBLEM STATEMENT FOR STUDY:-


 Channel length =5 m . Clear span: 4.5m , Clear height: 2.5 m varying
upto 4.5m ,Top slab thickness: 0.25m ,Bottom slab thickness: 0.25
m ,Side wall thickness: 0.25m ,Unit weight of concrete: 24 kN/m3 ,
Culvert is subjected to DL = 14 KN/m3 Unit weight of soil: 20kN/m3
, Unit weight of water: 10 kN/m3 ,Co-efficient of earth pressure at
rest: 0.5 ,Total cushion on top: 0.0 m ,Thickness of wearing coat:
0.065 m Carriageway 2 lane divide , Concrete grade M25 = 25 Mpa
,Steel grade Fe 415 = 415 Mpa ,All dimensions are in meter unless
mentioned otherwise. The bottom slab of box culvert is rest on the
ground. The soil under the slab will exert some pressure upon it. So
the supports provided will act as spring. The stiffness of spring for
the bottom slab is 20250 KN/m and side wall is 10125 KN/m . Angle
of internal friction (φ) = 30 ° ,Angle of wall with ground level (α)= 90
°, Angle of surcharge (β) = 0 ° , Angle of wall friction (δ) = 20 °
Table: Configuration of Cells
And Aspect Ratios:-
Channel Span of cell

Size of cell Aspect ratio
Configuration of length
Length(m) Height(m) L/H
cells

5 m length of each 5m 5m 5 2.5 2

cell 5 3 1.67
Single cell
5 3.5 1.43
5 4 1.25
5 4.5 1.11

2.5m length of each 5m 2.5m 2.5 2.5 1

cell 2.5 3 0.83
Double cell
2.5 3.5 0.714
2.5 4 0.625
2.5 4.5 0.556
The following analysis are performed in
STAAD PRO

1. Analysis of Single cell box culvert without
continuous fixed support on bottom slab
2. Analysis of Single cell box culvert with continuous
fixed support on bottom slab
3. Analysis of Double cell box culvert without
continuous fixed support on bottom slab
4. Analysis of Double cell box culvert with continuous
fixed support on bottom slab
Following Comparative studies
are made

 Comparative Study of STAAD and Manual
calculation
 Comparative Study between Single cell box culvert
With and Without fixed support on bottom slab
 Comparative Study between Double Cell Box culvert
With and Without continuous fixed support on
bottom slab
 Comparative study between single and Double cell
box culvert
STAAD PRO. Models showing BM variation
for height 2.5m:-

Single Cell Box Culvert

 Double Cell Box Culvert
Results obtained in SAAD PRO
are shownin the form of graph:-

1. For Single cell box Culvert without fixed support
on bottom slab
Variation in BM w.r.t aspect ratio on TOP
Variation in BM w.r.t aspect ratio on BOTTOM
SLAB for different load cases in Single cell
SLAB for different load cases in Single cell box
box Culvert without fixed support on Culvert without fixed support on bottom slab
bottom slab
 Variation in BM on Top of Side Wall for Variation in BM on BOTTOM of Side Wall for
different load cases in Single cell box culvert different load cases in Single cell box culvert
without fixed support on bottom slab without fixed support on bottom slab

Variation in BM on CENTER of Side Wall for

different load cases in Single cell box culvert
without fixed support on bottom slab
 2. For Single cell box Culvert with fixed support on
bottom slab

Variation in BM on TOP SLAB for different load

 Variation in BM on BOTTOM SLAB for different load
cases in Single cell box Culvert with fixed support on cases in Single cell box Culvert with fixed support on
bottom slab bottom slab
Variation in BM on Top of Side Wall for different load Variation in BM at Bottom of Side Wall for
cases in Single cell box culvert with fixed support on different load cases in Single cell box culvert with
bottom slab fixed support on bottom slab


Variation in BM at Center of Side Wall for
different load cases in Single cell box culvert with
fixed support on bottom slab
Observation from graph

Single cell box culvert without Single cell box culvert with fixed
fixed support on bottom slab support on bottom slab
From the above graphs we have found  From the above graphs we have
the maximum moment developed on found the maximum moment
top slab is for load case 3, for Bottom developed on top slab is for load
slab is for load case 3, For top and case 3 , for Bottom slab is for load
bottom of side walls is for load case 1, case 3, For top and bottom of side
For center of side slab is for load case walls is for load case 1, For center
3. These are the critical loading cases. of side slab is for load case 1.
In all the critical loading cases  In all the critical loading cases
Bending Moment increases with Bending Moment increases with
increase in height i.e. with decrease in
increase in height i.e. with decrease
aspect ratio of single cell box culvert
in aspect ratio of single cell box
without fixed support on bottom slab.
culvert with fixed support on
bottom slab.
Comparative Study between Single cell box culvert
With and Without fixed support on bottom slab
Variation of Max. BM of single Variation of Max. BM of single cell
cell box culvert for aspect ratio=2
 box culvert for aspect ratio=1.67

Variation of Max. BM of single cell box Variation of Max. BM of single cell

culvert for aspect ratio=1.43 box culvert for aspect ratio=1.25
 Variation of Max. BM of single cell
box culvert for aspect ratio=1.11

Observation from graph

From the above graph we have concluded that Bending Moment
reduces tremendously in single cell box culvert when fixed support
are continuously provided on bottom slab in all critical loading cases.
3. For Double cell box culvert without fixed
support on bottom slab
Variation in BM on TOP SLAB for different Variation in BM on BOTTOM SLAB for


load cases in Double cell box culvert without different load cases in Double cell box culvert
fixed support on bottom slab without fixed support on bottom slab

Variation in BM at Top of Side wall for Variation in BM at Bottom of Side wall for
different load cases in Double cell box culvert different load cases in Double cell box culvert
without fixed support on bottom slab without fixed support on bottom slab
 Variation in BM at Centre of Side wall for Variation in BM at Top of central abutment
different load cases in Double cell box for different load cases in Double cell box
culvert without fixed support on bottom slab culvert without fixed support on bottom slab

Variation in BM at Bottom of central abutment

for different load cases in Double cell box
culvert without fixed support on bottom slab
 4.For Double cell Box culvert with fixed
support on bottom slab:-
Variation in BM on TOP SLAB for different load Variation in BM on BOTTOM SLAB for different
load cases in Double cell box culvert with fixed


cases in Double cell box culvert with fixed
support on bottom slab support on bottom slab

Variation in BM at TOP OF SIDE WALL for Variation in BM at Bottom side of Side wall
different load cases in Double cell box for different load cases in Double cell box
culvert with fixed support on bottom slab culvert with fixed support on bottom slab
Variation in BM at CENER Of of Side wall for VARIATION IN BM AT TOP OF CENTRAL ABUTMENT
different load cases in Double cell box culvert FOR DIFFERENT LOAD CASE IN DOUBLE CELL BOX
with fixed support on bottom slab CULVERT with fixed support on bottom slab


VARIATION IN BM AT BOTTOM OF CENTRAL
ABUTMENT FOR DIFFERENT LOAD CASE IN
DOUBLE CELL BOX CULVERT with fixed support
on bottom slab
 Observation from graph
 DOUBLE CELL BOX CULVERT
DOUBLE CELL BOX CULVERT without fixed support on with fixed support on bottom slab
bottom slab

 From the above graphs we have found  From the above graphs we have found
the maximum moment developed on top the maximum moment developed in
slab is for load case 3 , For top and Double cell box culvert with fixed
bottom of side walls is for load case 1, support on bottom slab on top slab is
For center of side slab is for load case 1 , for load case 3 ,For Bottom slab is for
at top and bottom of central abutment is load case 1, For top and bottom of side
for load case 3. These are the critical walls is for load case 1, For center of
loading cases for which we have to make side slab is for load case 1 , at top and
our designing. bottom of central o abutment is for
 In all the critical loading cases Bending load case 3.
Moment increases with increase in  In all the critical loading cases Bending
height i.e. with decrease in aspect ratio Moment increases with increase in
of Double cell box culvert without fixed height i.e. with decrease in aspect ratio
support on bottom slab. of Double cell box culvert with fixed
support on bottom slab.
 Comparative Study between Double Cell Box culvert
With and Without continuous fixed support on
bottom slab
Variation of Max. BM of Double Variation of Max. BM of Double cell
cell box culvert for aspect ratio=1
 box culvert for aspect ratio=0.83

Variation of Max. BM of Double cell box Variation of Max. BM of Double cell box
culvert for aspect ratio=0.714 culvert for aspect ratio=0.625
 Variation of Max. BM of Double cell
box culvert for aspect ratio=0.556

Observation from Graph

From the above graph we have concluded that Bending Moment reduce in Double cell
box culvert when fixed support are continuously provided on bottom slab in all critical
loading cases as compared to the double cell box culverts when no fixed supports are
provided , but except in case at bottom of side wall.
The most critical location need to be considered for designing purpose is at the bottom
of side wall. With increase in height of box culvert the moment near the side wall at
bottom increases more in case of Double cell box culvert with fixed support provide at
compared to without fixed support. But bending moment reduces in all other cases. So
Double cell culvert with fixed support at bottom slab is economically optimum for
designing purpose.
COMAPARTIVE STUDY BETWEEN SINGLE CELL AND
DOUBLE CELL BOX CULVERT Without fixed support on
bottom slab
Comparison between maximum BM of
Comparison between maximum BM of


single cell and double cell box culvert
single cell and double cell box culvert
without fixed support on bottom slab
without fixed support on bottom slab for for height 3m
height 2.5m
Comparison between maximum BM of single Comparison between maximum BM of single
cell and double cell box culvert without fixed cell and double cell box culvert without fixed
support on bottom slab for height 3.5m support on bottom slab for height 4m

Comparison between maximum BM of single

cell and double cell box culvert without fixed
support on bottom slab for height 4.5m
COMAPARTIVE STUDY BETWEEN SINGLE CELL AND
DOUBLE CELL BOX CULVERT With fixed support on bottom
slab


Comparison between maximum BM
of single cell and double cell box Comparison between maximum BM of
culvert with fixed support on bottom single cell and double cell box culvert with
slab for height 2.5m fixed support on bottom slab for height 3m
 Comparison between maximum BM of Comparison between maximum
single cell and double cell box culvert with BM of single cell and double cell
fixed support on bottom slab for height box culvert with fixed support on
3.5m bottom slab for height 4m

Comparison between maximum BM of single

cell and double cell box culvert with fixed
support on bottom slab for height 4.5m
Observation from graph
From observation of above graphs ,it is observed that
Double cell box culvert with continuous fixed support
at bottom slab generated less moment at all critical
location of culvert .So it is more cost effective and
optimum for designing purpose in our study case
OBSERVATIONS AND
INFERENCES

 Increase in height of culvert leads to substantial increase in BM
at the center of all the members and particularly at the top and
bottom of side walls. It leads to increase in additional steel
required at supports. Cost of construction increases with
increase in height.
 It is observed that Box Culvert provided with fixed support
continuously at bottom slab generates less moment than Box
culvert without providing continuous support at bottom slab.
 It is observed that moment at the center of top and bottom slab
reduce tremendously in a double cell box culvert as compared
to that in a single cell culvert. The reduction in central moment
is of the order of 60 to 70 in top slab and 80% to 85% near
supports.
 In a single cell box culvert for top and bottom slabs
central moments are on higher side than the support
moments. On the other hand, in a double cell box

culvert the top and bottom slabs are continuous
therefore; the support moments are on higher side
than the central moment .
 With increase in height the critical position of load
remains same .It is observed that for same load case
the BM moment becomes maximum at different
aspect ratio.
 The deformation increases as the height of single cell
increases.
 The deformation is less in double cell box culvert as
compared to that single cell culvert.
 CONCLUSIONS:-

 it is observed that Double cell box culvert with continuous fixed support at
bottom slab generated less moment at all critical location of culvert .So it is
more cost effective and optimum for designing purpose in our study case .So
Double cell culvert is prefered more than single cell culvert for long span of
culvert as it will be more economical and safe.
 By providing continuous fixed support at bottom slab Maximum Bending
moment reduces tremendously . So steel requirement reduces ultimately
reduces the cost.
 Top slab of box culvert and Bottom of side wall is critical member which
carries maximum bending moment.
 The bending moments of different members of box culvert are determined for
various aspect ratios and are presented in the form of charts. Using these
charts bending moment can be calculated for intermediate aspect ratios also.
The charts can be used as a readily reference for obtaining the bending
moment for any different aspect ratio.
FUTURE WORK:-

 The results obtained for the analysis of box culvert in
the STAAD pro will be compared with the results
obtained for the same problem statement using
another software such as MATLAB or ETABS for
finding out the accuracy of our results.
REFERENCES :-
 
[1]. Sujata Shreedhar and R.Shreedhar, Design coefficients for single
and two cell box culvert, International Journal of Civil and Structural
Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 3, 2013.

[2]. Komal S.Kattimani and R.Shreedhar, Parametric Studies of box
culverts, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science,
Vol. 1, Issue 1, PP.58-65, 2013.

[3]. Kalyanshetti M.G and Malkhare S.V, Analysis of box culvert by
considering soil structure interaction, Paripex- Indian journal of
research, Vol. 1, Issue 4, PP.71-74, 2012.

[4]. B.N.Sinha and R. P.sharma, Analysis of Box culvert by Stiffness
Method, journal of Indian Road Congress, Paper No. 555, PP. 189-219,
2009.

[5]. IRC 6, Standard specification and code of practice for road bridges
section II Loads and stresses, The Indian Road Congress, 1996.
 [6] Ali Abolmaali. And Anil K. Garg., “Effect of
Wheel live load on Shear Behaviour of Precast

Reinforced Cocrete Box Culverts.” Journal of Bridge
Egineering, Vol. 13, No.1, January 1, 2008, @ ASCE,
ISSN 1084-0702/200/1-93-99.
 [7] Terzaghi and Karl, “Theoretical soil Mechanics”
John Wiley and Sons, ING, 1962.
 [8] Krishnaraju. N., “Design of Bridges”, Third
Edition Oxford and IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd,
New Delhi.
 [9] IS 456: 2000 “Plain and Reinforced Concrete
Code of Practice
THANK YOU……