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Lecture 3-Public Policy Process

This document outlines the key stages of the policy-making process: [1] agenda-setting and problem identification; [2] decision-making by identifying policy alternatives; [3] policy formulation; [4] implementation; and [5] monitoring and evaluation. It notes that policy-making involves many actors, including government ministries, parliament, civil society groups, private sector, and donors, and that the process is complex with stages that are not always sequential. Researchers can influence policy change by better understanding this dynamic process and building coalitions among these different actors.

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Sk. Md. Mashkur Hussain
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38 views16 pages

Lecture 3-Public Policy Process

This document outlines the key stages of the policy-making process: [1] agenda-setting and problem identification; [2] decision-making by identifying policy alternatives; [3] policy formulation; [4] implementation; and [5] monitoring and evaluation. It notes that policy-making involves many actors, including government ministries, parliament, civil society groups, private sector, and donors, and that the process is complex with stages that are not always sequential. Researchers can influence policy change by better understanding this dynamic process and building coalitions among these different actors.

Uploaded by

Sk. Md. Mashkur Hussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 3

MSJ11621: Communication Policy Making and Planning


Fall 2020
 Problem identification and Agenda-setting

 Decision-making (Identify Policy Alternatives)

 Policy Formulation

 Policy Implementation

 Monitoring & Evaluation


Agenda Setting

Monitoring & Evaluation


Policy Formulation

Decision
Making/adoption
Policy Implementation
 Two aspects of competing agenda issues:
o Public Agenda Issues - merit public attention
o Formal Agenda Issues – merit decision makers attention

 To gain the attention of :


o Public
o Media
o Policy-makers

 To influence policy change


 Why only some problems, out of all that exist, receive
consideration by policy-makers requires an examination of
agenda setting;
 that is, how governmental bodies decide what problems to
address?
 What is a public problem?
 Why does some condition or matter become a public problem?
 How does a problem get on a governmental agenda?
 Why do some problems not achieve agenda status?
 This encompasses the creation, identification, or borrowing
of proposed courses of action, often called alternatives or
options, for resolving or ameliorating public problems.
 Who participates in policy formulation?
 How are alternatives for dealing with a problem developed?
 Are there difficulties and biases in formulating policy
proposals?
 Identification of possible solution = new policy
 Amendment of existing policy

 A complex process influenced by many factors:


o Time constraints
o Personal interests of decision-makers
o Lobby-group pressure
o Donors etc.
 Despite these factors, researchers should push a preferred

solution forward
 This involves deciding which proposed alternative,
including taking no action, will be used to handle a
problem.
 How is a policy alternative adopted or enacted?
 What requirements must be met? Who are the adopters?
 What is the content of the adopted policy?
 Policy is only as effective as its implementation
 Policy implementation bridges the gap between research and

policy
 Factors that may impact implementation phase:
o Bureaucratic incompetence
o Bureaucratic resistance
o Inadequate resources, expertise etc
o Inevitable policy modification
 Researchers need to identify implementation problems that

policy-makers need to overcome.


 (A synonym is administration.)
 Here attention is on what is done to carry into effect or apply
adopted policies.
 Often further development or elaboration of policies will occur in
the course of their administration.
 Who is involved?
 What, if anything, is done to enforce or apply a policy?
 How does implementation help shape or determine the content of
policy?
 To assess policy compliance
 To increase potential to generate knowledge to be used by

future policy-makers
 Evaluation sources:
o Scientific advisers

o Consultants

o CSOs (unsolicited evaluation)

o International financial institutions

 Researchers can have a significant impact


 This entails activities intended to determine what a policy is
accomplishing, whether it is achieving its goals, and whether it
has other consequences.
 Who is involved?
 Who is advantaged and disadvantaged by a policy?
 What are the consequences of policy evaluation? Are there
demands for changes in or repeal of the policy?
 Are new problems identified?
 Is the policy process restarted because of evaluation?
Cabinet
Donors
Agenda
Setting

Monitoring & Parliament


Evaluation
Decision
Making
Civil Society

Ministries
Policy
Implementation Policy
Formulation
Private
Sector
 De-emphasizes an excessively linear view of a policy
 Policy-making processes are complex, stages are not

always sequential
 Many actors: ministers, parliament, civil servants, the

private sector, civil society, the media etc


 All busily seeking to engage in the process directly, and

trying to influence one another.


 Policy-making is a complex and dynamic process
 Key elements of the policy-making process: agenda-
setting, identification of policy alternatives, policy-
formulation & implementation and evaluation.
 Researchers need to create a “window of opportunity” to
impact on policy change
 It is also important to build coalitions:
o in & around government, media, business
o Interest & advocacy groups
o Civil Society Organizations
Thank you

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