1

GROUP 1

MATIAS, PAMELA CABAHIL, MESINA, EUGENIO,

GRACE LEMILOU JEREMIE MIKAELLA
 2

BANZON, IAN ANTALAN, JEANELLE SILVINO, ARIENE NIETO, ANNE

WINZETTE
HARDWARE:
THE CPU AND
STORAGE
during this discussion, we will tackle the main chapter topics, 4

particularly:

 Microchips,  Secondary Storage

Miniaturization, &  Future
Mobility Developments in
 The System Unit: Processing &
The Basics Storage
 More on the
System Unit
 5

Computer hardware 
➜ the physical parts or components of a computer, such as
the monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage,
hard disk drive, graphic cards, sound cards, memory,
motherboard, and so on, all of which are physical
objects that are tangible.
 6

Example of Computer Hardware:

 Microchips,
Miniaturization,
& Mobility
 8

“
The microprocessor was “the
most important invention of
the 20th century,” says
Michael Malone, author of
The Microprocessor: A
Biography
 9

Microprocessor
➜ is an integrated circuit that contains all the functions of a central
processing unit (CPU) of a computer. Microprocessors are the circuitry
that surround the CPU, therefore microprocessor is more than the CPU.
 10

MICROPROCESSOR
➜ gave us portability and mobility in our
electronic devices.
 11

What is a
circuit?
 12

During the Old-

A CIRCUIT is a times, radios used
closed path vacuum tubes to
followed or capable facilitate the
of being followed transmission (flow)
by an electric of electrons.
current.
 13

One example of this is the computer called ENIAC that

used a vacuum tubes. It was enormous, occupying 1,800
square feet and weighing more than 30 tons. ENIAC could
perform about 5,000 calculations per second—more than
10,000 times slower than modern PCs.
 14

In 1947, transistor arrives and it is a game changer.

The transistor was developed

by Bell Labs in 1947. The
first transistors were one-
A TRANSISTOR is hundredth the size of a
essentially a tiny electrically vacuum tube, needed no
operated switch, or gate, that warm-up time, consumed
can alternate between “on” less energy, and were faster
and “off ” many millions of and more reliable.
times per second.
 15

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT is an entire electronic circuit,

including wires, formed on a single “chip,” or piece, of
special material, usually silicon, as part of a single
manufacturing process. Integrated circuits were developed by
Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments, who demonstrated the first
one in 1958.
 16

SILICON
➜ is an element that is widely found in clay and sand. It is
used not only because its abundance makes it cheap but
also because it is a semiconductor.

SEMICONDUCTORS
➜ are materials which have a conductivity between
conductors and insulators.
 17

A CHIP, or MICROCHIP, is a tiny piece of silicon

that contains millions of microminiature integrated
electronic circuits.
 18

 Miniaturization
➜ Microchip is a holy grail because it is responsible
for the miniaturization that has revolutionized
consumer electronics, computers, and communications.

➜ The most important microchip is the

MICROPROCESSOR (“microscopic processor” or
“processor on a chip”) which is the miniaturized
circuitry of a computer processor—the CPU, the part
that processes, or manipulates, data into information.
 19

 Mobility
➜ Microprocessors helped make
information technology more mobile. It
is indeed that Microprocessor gave us
portability and mobility in our electronic
devices anytime and anywhere.
 20

➜ 1955
➜ ZENITH
LIGHTWEIGHT
TELEVISION: 45
POUNDS
 21

➜ 2010
➜ CASIO COLOR TV:
6.7 ounces
 22

➜ 2019
➜ Tyler Portable TV:
4 pounds
 23

1939 2021
 the system unit:
the basics
 25

The system unit

 Is the part of a computer that houses the primary devices that
perform operations and produces results to the corresponding
input and output device.
 It contains the main components of a desktop computer.
 26

Power Supply chip

small piece of semi-
is an electronic device conducting material on
that supplies electric which integrated
energy to an electric circuits are etched.
load.

fan
Cools the Central
Processing Unit (CPU).
 27

VIDEO card Sound card

it is an expansion card inputs and outputs audio
connected to the signals to and from a
motherboard and computer.
displaying the computer
outputs on the screen.

Modem card
An internal type of
modem that is plugged
into the PCI slot of a PC
motherboard.
 28

HARD DRIVE
CD/ DVD DRIVE
The major storage
A device that lets you device of the computer
access a compact disc system.
from a computer.

MOTHERBOAR
D hardware
Main internal
component of the system
unit.
 29

POWER CORD
primary provides
cable that power to
the computer.

RIBBON CORD
It is a cable with many
conducting wires
running parallel to each
other on the same flat
plane.
 The binary
system
• What does a computer’s Binary System
do?
• What are some Binary Coding Schemes?
 31

Decimal system and binary system

A DECIMAL BINARY SYSTEM,

SYSTEM, is a base 10 has only two digits. 0
number system having and 1.
10 digits from 0-9.
➜ Also known as a
positional value
system.
 32

Bit (binary digit)

ON

OFF
• Smallest data in a computer.
 33

Byte ( binary term)

• Used to represent letters, numbers, or special
character.

➜8 bits = 1 byte
 34

KILOBYTE MEGABYTE GIGABYTE

➜ 1,000 bytes. ➜1 million bytes. ➜ 1 billion bytes.

TERABYTE PETABYTE EXABYTE

➜1 trillion bytes. ➜ 1 quadrillion ➜1 quintillion bytes.
bytes.
 35

BINARY CODING
SCHEMES
 Letters, numbers, and special characters are
represented within a computer system.

 Off/on electrical states.

 36

THE EXTENDED BINARY CODED DECIMAL

INTERCHANGE CODE (EBCDIC)

➜ It was developed in 1963-1964 by IBM.

➜ Mainly used in Mainframe Computers.
➜ Uses 8 bits to represent a symbol in the data.
 37

THE AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR

INFORMATION INTERCHANGE (ASCII)

➜ Widely used in computers for all types.

➜ ASCII-7 (128 characters)
 38

UNICODE

➜ Developed in the early 1990s.

➜ Uses 2bytes for each character, rather than 1 byte.
 39

Example of coding scheme:

 40

➜ WHEN LIGHT
➜ WHEN LIGHT BULB IS OFF = 0
BULB IS ON = 1
 How to get the value
using coding sceheme

23 22 21 20
8 4 2 1
WHEN THE LIGHT IS
ON

1x8 1x4 1x2 1x1

8 4 2 1

15
WHEN THE LIGHT IF
OFF

0X8 0X4 0X2 0X1

0
 44

To represent the value of 1

➜ (0 x 8) (0 x 4) (0 x 2) (1 x 1)

➜ 0 0 0 1
 To represent the value
of 2

➜ (0 x 8) (0 x 4) (1 x 2) (0 x 1)
➜ 0 0 2 0

➜ 0 0 1 0
 46

To represent the value of 3

➜ (0 x 8) (0 x 4) (1 x 2) (1 x 1)

➜ 0 0 2 1

➜ 0 0 1 1
 47

To represent the value of 4

➜ (0 x 8) (1 x 4) (0 x 2) (0 x 1)
➜ 0 4 0 0
➜ 0 1 0 0
 48

To represent the value of 5

➜ (0 x 8) (1 x 4) (0 x 2) (1 x 1)
➜ 0 4 0 1
➜ 0 1 0 1
 49

Machine Language
➜ A binary-type programming language
built into the CPU that the computer
can run directly.
Language Translator
➜ Converts the instructions into machine
language.
 50

The computer case:

Bays, buttons, &
Boards
 51

Bay
➜ Is a shelf or an opening used for installation of
electronic equipment.
➜ A computer may come equipped with four or

eight bays.
 52

tower
➜ A cabinet that is tall, narrow, and deep rather
than short, wide, and deep.
➜ 24 inches high.
 53

Power supply
is a device that converts AC to SURGE PROTECTOR
DC to run the computer. is a device that protects a
computer from being damaged
by surges (spikes) of high
voltage.

is a battery-operated device
that provides a computer with
is a device that protects a electricity if there is a power
computer from being damaged failure
by insufficient power UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER
VOLTAGE REGULATOR SUPPLY
  The Motherboard
&
the Microprocessor
Chip
How is the motherboard important, and
what are types of processor chips?
 55

THE MICROPROCESSOR CHIP

➜ brain of the computer

➜ stores program instructions
 56

The chipset
Transistors ➜ control the flow of
information between the
➜ act as on/off switches
microprocessor and other
➜ 1961 - 4 transistors
system components
➜ 1971 - 2,300
connected to the
➜ 1979 - 30,000
motherboard
➜ 1997 - 7.5 million.

via chipset
 57

TRADITIONAL MICROCOMPUTER
MICROPROCESSORS
 
➜Intel-type processors for PCs
Intel Corporation or Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
Intel-type chips have a similar internal design and are
made to run PCs.
 58

➜Motorola/Freescale and IBM

processors for Macintoshes
Motorola-type chips were made by Motorola
Freescale Semi-conductorfor Apple Macintosh
 59

RECENT
MICROCOMPUTER
MICROPROCESSORS
 60

Intel processors for Macintoshes

 Mac transition to Intel processors
 Gives Mac users access to the vast array of Windows-
based games and programs

Intel processors for Macintoshes

 Designed to let the operating system divide the work over
more than one processor
 Can take on several tasks at once
 The multicore technology takes advantage of a technology
called hyperthreading.
 61

Graphics processing
Processors for portable units—specialized
devices processors for 3-D
➜ mobile internet devices graphics
➜ netbooks ➜ to manipulate three-
➜ other electronics, from dimensional (3-D)
cellphones to MP3 computer graphics
players ➜ Nvidia - first company
➜ energy efficiency to develop the GPU
 62

Processing Speeds: From Megahertz to Picoseconds

How does the system clock work in my computer, and how

is its speed measured?
➜ Every microprocessor contains a system clock
➜ Faster clock speeds result faster processing of data and execution of program.
There are four main ways in which processing speeds are measured, as follows:
 
 63

1. FOR MICROCOMPUTERS: MEGAHERTZ &

GIGAHERTZ
➜ Megahertz (MHz) - equivalent to 1 million cycles per second
➜ Gigahertz (GHz) - a billion cycles per second
➜ The faster a CPU runs, the more power it consumes and the more waste heat it produces
➜ Chip makers are now employing additional CPU cores and running them in parallel—dual core or
multicore technology.
 64

2. FOR WORKSTATIONS & MAINFRAMES:

MIPS

➜ “millions of instructions per second”

➜ to measure processing speeds of mainframes and
workstations
➜ workstation - 100 MIPS or more
➜ mainframe - 981,024 MIPS
 65

3. FOR SUPERCOMPUTERS: FLOPS

➜ “floating-point operations per second”
➜ used mainly with supercomputers
➜ expressed as megaflops
➜ IBM’s Blue Gene/L (“Lite”) - supercomputer cranks out 280.6
teraflops, or 280.6 trillion calculations per second
➜ Roadrunner - latest champion supercomputer
 66

4. FOR ALL COMPUTERS: FRACTIONS

OF A SECOND
➜ microcomputer - microseconds
➜ supercomputer - nanoseconds or picoseconds—thousands or millions
➜ millisecond – one-thousandth of a second
➜ microsecond – one-millionth of a second
➜ nanosecond – one-billionth of a second
➜ pico-second - one-trillionth of a second
 MORE ON
THE SYSTEM
UNIT
 68

How the Processor or CPU Works: Control Unit,

ALU, Registers, & Buses

➜Today, computers are based on micro-processors,

less than 1 centimeter square.
 WORD SIZE  
➜ is the number of bits that the processor may
process at any one time. The more bits in a
word, the faster the computer.
 
 70

THE PARTS OF THE CPU

 A processor is also called the CPU, and it works hand in hand with other circuits
known as main memory to carry out processing.

 The CPU (central processing unit) is the “brain” of the computer; it follows the
instructions of the software (program) to manipulate data into information.
 71

2PARTS of the CPU

In the machine cycle, the
➜ The control unit— for CPU:
directing electronic signals: (1) fetches an
The control unit deciphers instruction,
each instruction stored in the
(2) decodes the
CPU and then carries out the
instruction. For every instruction,
instruction, the control unit (3) executes the
carries out four basic instruction, and
operations, known as the
(4) stores the result.
machine cycle.
 72

2PARTS of the CPU

Registers are high-speed
storage areas that temporarily
➜ The arithmetic/logic unit store data during processing
—for arithmetic and Buses, or bus lines, are
logical operations: The electrical data roadways
arithmetic/logic unit through which bits are
(ALU) performs arithmetic transmitted within the CPU
operations and logical and between the CPU and
operations and controls the other components of the
speed of those operations. motherboard.
 73

How Memory Works:

RAM, ROM, CMOS, &
Flash
 74

RAM CHIPS— to temporarily store program

instructions & data
➜ RAM (random access memory) chips temporarily hold:
(1) software instructions and
(2) data before and after it is processed by the CPU.

➜ Because its contents are temporary, RAM is said to be volatile—the

contents are lost when the power goes off or is turned off.
 75

Several types of RAM chips

➜ DRAM: The first type (pronounced “dee-ram”), DRAM (dynamic
RAM), must be constantly refreshed by the CPU or it will lose its
contents.
➜ SDRAM: The second type of RAM is SDRAM (synchronous dynamic
RAM), which is synchronized by the system clock and is much faster
than DRAM.
➜ SRAM: The third type, static RAM, or SRAM (pronounced “ess-ram”),
is faster than DRAM and retains its contents without having to be
refreshed by the CPU.
➜ DDR-SDRAM: The fourth type, DDR-SDRAM (double-data rate
synchronous dynamic RAM), is the current standard of RAM chip in
PCs used at home
 76

ROM CHIPS— to store fixed start-up instructions.

ROM (read-only memory) cannot be written on or erased
by the computer user without special equipment.
➜ it contains fixed start-up instructions
➜ These chips are nonvolatile; their contents are not lost
when power to the computer is turned off.
 77

 In computer terminology, READ means to

transfer data from an input source into the
computer’s memory or CPU.

 The opposite is WRITE to transfer data from

the computer’s CPU or memory to an output device.
 78

 
CMOS (complementary metal-oxide
semiconductor) chips are powered by a battery and thus
don’t lose their contents when the power is turned off.
 
Flash memory chips can be erased and reprogrammed
more than once.
 How Cache
Works ?
Cache temporarily stores instructions and
data that the processor is likely to use
frequently. Thus, cache speeds up processing.
It is not upgradable; it is set by the type of
processor purchased with the system.
 
 80

THREE KINDS OF CACHE

➜ Level 1 (L1) cache—part of the microprocessor chip: Level 1 (L1) cache,
also called internal cache, is built into the processor chip.
➜ Level 2 (L2) cache—not part of the microprocessor chip: This is the kind
of cache usually referred to in computer ads; external cache.
➜ Level 3 (L3) cache—on the motherboard: Level 3 (L3) cache is a cache
separate from the processor chip on the motherboard.
 81

Virtual memory— that is, some

free hard-disk space is used to
extend the capacity of RAM.
 82

Other Methods of Speeding Up Processing

 Interleaving refers to a process in which the CPU alternates communication
between two or more memory banks.

 Bursting is to provide the CPU with additional data from memory based on the
likelihood that it will be needed.

 Pipelining divides a task into a series of stages, with some of the work completed
at each stage.

 Superscalar architecture means the computer has the ability to execute more than
one instruction per clock cycle
 ports and
cables
 84

A Port is a connecting
Ports are present on the socket or jack on the
motherboard of the CPU into outside of the system unit
which the cables of the into which are plugged
hardware devices are plugged different kinds of cables.
in. They play a
very important role in
computer networking.
 85

Several types of Ports

➜ DEDICATED PORTS
➜ SERIAL, PARALLEL, & SCSI PORTS
➜ USB PORTS
➜ SPECIALIZED EXPANSION PORTS
➜ MULTIMEDIA PORTS
 86

Dedicated Ports
Are ports for special purposes, such as the round ports for
connecting the keyboard and the mouse, the monitor port,
the audio ports, the modem port to connect your computer to
a phone line, and a network port for a high-speed internet
connection.
 87

Dedicated Ports
 88

SERIAL, PARALLEL, & SCSI PORTS

➜ These are generally multipurpose ports.
 89

 Serial ports
➜ for transmitting slow data over long
distances
 90

 Parallel ports
➜ for transmitting fast data over short distances: A
 91

 SCSI ports
➜ for transmitting fast data to up to seven devices
in a daisy chain:
 92

USB PORTS
➜ FOR TRANSMITTING DATA
TO UP TO 127 DEVICES IN A
DAISY CHAIN.
➜ USB ports are multipurpose,
useful for all kinds of
peripherals, and are included on
all new computers.
 93

“
The goals of USB:
➜ Be low-cost
➜ Be able to connect lots of
devices and have sufficient
speed
➜ Be “hot swappable” or “hot
pluggable,”
➜ Permit plug and play
 94

SPECIALIZED EXPANSION PORTS

➜ FireWire ports—for camcorders, DVD players, and TVs:
 95

SPECIALIZED EXPANSION PORTS

➜ MIDI ports—for connecting musical instruments:
 96

SPECIALIZED EXPANSION PORTS

➜ IrDA ports—for cableless connections over a few feet:
 97

SPECIALIZED EXPANSION PORTS

➜ • Bluetooth ports—for wireless connections up to 30 feet:
 98

SPECIALIZED EXPANSION PORTS

➜ • Ethernet—for LANs:
 MULTIMEDIA
PORTS
• Ports that are used to connect computer to
multimedia devices such as Webcam,
digital camera, MIDI Music and MIDI
Ports, Sound Cards, Microphone and Video
Cards.
 100

Expandability: Buses & Cards

What is the purpose of expansion buses and cards?

➜ To expand your computer’s capabilities
➜ To upgrade your computer to a newer version.
 101

CLOSED & OPEN ARCHITECTURE

Open architecture
means it does have
expansion slots.
Closed architecture ➜ Expansion slots are sockets on
the motherboard into which
means a computer has no
you can plug expansion cards.
expansion slots; ➜ Expansion cards—also known
as expansion boards
 102

COMMON EXPANSION CARDS & BUSES

➜ PCI bus—for high-speed connections:

 103

COMMON EXPANSION CARDS & BUSES

➜ AGP bus—for even higher speeds and 3-D graphics:

 104

COMMON EXPANSION CARDS & BUSES

➜ PCIe Express bus—for outperforming AGP:

 105

TYPES OF EXPANSION CARDS

➜ Graphics cards—for monitors:
 106

TYPES OF EXPANSION CARDS

➜ Sound cards—for speakers and audio output:
 107

TYPES OF EXPANSION CARDS

➜ Modem cards—for remote communication via phone lines:
 108

TYPES OF EXPANSION CARDS

➜ Network interface cards—for remote communication via cable:
 109

TYPES OF EXPANSION CARDS

➜ PC cards—for laptop computers:
 110

In summary, ports and cables plays a vital role in the computer

system. It acts as a channel to link your computer to other
devices. It can also be used in data transferring and computer
expansions and other process that will help your computer to
adapt its newest version.
 Secondary
storage
 112

Secondary storage
➜ Non-volatile device that holds data until it is deleted or overwritten
➜ Long term storage.
➜ Devices that permanently hold data and information as well as programs.
 113

Secondary Storage Devices

➜ Floppy disks
➜ Hard disks
➜ Optical disks
➜ Magnetic tape
➜ Smart cards
➜ Flash memory
➜ Online secondary storage
 114

➜ FLOPPY DISKS
 Often called a diskette or simply a disk, is a removable
flat piece of mylar plastic packaged in a 3.5-inch plastic
case.
 Originally, when most disks were larger (5.25 inches)
and covered in paper, the disks actually were “floppy”;
now only the disk inside the rigid plastic case is
flexible, or floppy.
 Floppy disks each store about 1.44 megabytes, the
equivalent of 400 typewritten pages.
 115
➜ How Floppy Disks Work
• Floppy disks are inserted into a floppy-disk drive, a device that holds, spins,
reads data from, and writes data to a floppy disk.
➜ Tracks, sectors, and clusters:
• Tracks- a concentric recording bands where the data is recorded
• Sectors- When a disk is formatted, the disk’s storage locations are divided into
wedge-shaped sections, which break the tracks into small arcs
• Cluster- The smallest unit of disk space that holds data
➜ The read/write head- used to transfer data between the computer and the disk
 116

HARD DISKS
 Thin but rigid metal, glass, or ceramic platters covered with a
substance that allows data to be held in the form of magnetized
spots.
 Usually installed internally in a computer, attached directly to
the disk controller of the computer’s motherboard.
 Not accessible
 Most hard-disk drives have at least two platters; the greater the
number of platters, the larger the capacity of the drive.
 117

KEEPING TRACK OF DATA: THE VIRTUAL FILE

ALLOCATION TABLE
 Computer operating systems keep track of hard-disk sectors according to clusters.
 You can free up lost clusters and thus increase disk space in Windows by using the
Scan Disk utility.

 Head Crashes- Hard disks are sensitive devices.

 Nonremovable Hard Disks- also known as a fixed disk, is housed in the
microcomputer system unit and is used to store nearly all programs and most data
files.
 118
Two types of portable hard-drive systems are
available:
2. Removable Hard Disk-
1. External Hard Disks- A removable hard disk, or hard-
freestanding hard-disk drive disk cartridge, consists of one
enclosed in an airtight case, or two platters enclosed along
which is connected by cable to with read/write heads in a hard
the computer system unit through plastic case, which is inserted
a FireWire, USB, or other port. into a cartridge drive built into
Storage capacities run as high as the microcomputer’s system unit.
2 terabytes.]
 119

HARD-DISK CONTROLLERS- special-purpose circuit board that

positions the disk and read/write heads and manages the flow of data and
instructions to and from the disk.
➜Two hard-disk controllers for connecting external hard-disk drives are FireWire.
Other standards are as follows:
1. EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics)
2. SCSI (small computer system interface)
3. Fiber Channel
 120

HARD-DISK TECHNOLOGY FOR LARGE

COMPUTER SYSTEMS:
RAID- (redundant array of independent [or inexpensive] disks)
storage system, which links any number of disk drives within a
single cabinet or connected along a SCSI chain, sends data to the
computer along several parallel paths simultaneously.
 121

OPTICAL DISKS: CDs & DVDs Optical Disks:

CDs & DVDs
 a removable disk, usually 4.75 inches in diameter and less than
one-twentieth of an inch thick, on which data is written and read
through the use of laser beams.
 a high-power laser beam is used to write data by burning tiny pits
or indentations into the surface of a hard plastic disk.
 To read the data, a low-power laser light scans the disk surface:
Pitted areas are not reflected and are interpreted as 0 bits; smooth
areas are reflected and are interpreted as 1 bits.
 122

 CD-ROM—FOR READING ONLY- optical-disk format

that is used to hold prerecorded text, graphics, and sound.
 CD-R—FOR RECORDING ONLY ONCE- can be written
to only once but can be read many times.
 CD-RW—FOR REWRITING MANY TIMES- also known
as an erasable optical disk, allows users to record and erase
data, so the disk can be used over and over again.
 123

 DVD-ROM—THE VERSATILE VIDEO DISK- (digital

versatile disk or digital video disk, with read-only memory)
is a CD-style disk with extremely high capacity, able to
store 9.4 or more gigabytes.
Like CDs, DVDs have their recordable and rewritable variants:
 DVD-R—recordable DVDs: disks allow one time recording by the
user. That is, they cannot be reused—written on more than once.
 DVD-RW, DVD-RAM, DVD RW—reusable DVDs: Three types
of reusable disks are DVD-RW (DVD-rewritable), DVD-RAM
(DVD–random access memory), and DVDRW ( DVD rewritable ),
all of which can be recorded on and erased (except for video) many
times. DVD-R disks have a capacity of 4.7 (single-sided) to 9.4
(double-sided) gigabytes.
 124
 BLU-RAY: THE NEXT-GENERATION OPTICAL DISK- also known as Bluray
Disc (BD).
➜The Blu-ray optical format was developed to enable recording, rewriting, and
➜playback of high-definition video, as well as storing of large amounts of
➜data.
 THE WORLD’S DVD ZONES- As a way to maximize movie revenues, the film
industry decided to split the world up into six DVD zones.
➜Six DVD regions- DVD players and DVDs are encoded for operation in a
specific geographical region
  What is
magnetic
tape?
Magnetic tape is a medium for
magnetic recording, made of a
thin, magnetizable coating on a
long, narrow strip of plastic film.
 126

SMART CARDS
A smart card is a physical card that has an
embedded integrated chip that acts as a
security token. Smart cards are designed to be
tamper-resistant and use encryption to provide
protection for in-memory information.
 127

DIFFERENT FORMS OF SMART-

CARD TECHNOLOGY Contactless smart
Contact smart cards cards
require only close proximity
to a card reader to be read; no
are the most common type of direct contact is necessary for
smart card. Contact smart cards are the card to function. The card
inserted into a smart card reader
and the reader are both
that has a direct connection to a
equipped with antennae and
conductive contact plate on the
surface of the card. Commands,
communicate using radio
data and card status are transmitted frequencies over the
over these physical contact points. contactless link.
ADDITIONAL CATEGORIES OF SMART 128

CARDS

Hybrid card
Dual interface has two chips, one with a
card contact interface and one
with a contactless
With dual-interface cards,
it is possible to access the interface. The two chips
same chip using either a are not interconnected.
contact or contactless
interface with a very high
level of security.
 129

Optical memory cards

are used in a wide range of portable data storage applications, the
largest usage is for secure identification.

This application makes full use of the ability to create visible high-
resolution images and watermarks in the optical media at resolutions
up to 12,000 dpi, thereby preventing fraudulent duplication of the
card by printing or copying techniques.

The large data-storage capacity of an optical card, compared to other

card technologies, allows for recording of multiple identification
features such as photographs, fingerprints, and signatures.
 130

FLASH MEMORY
is an electronic non-volatile computer memory
storage medium that can be electrically erased
and reprogrammed.
 131

Three forms of flash state memory

➜ Flash Memory Card

➜ Flash Memory Sticks
➜ Flash Memory Drives
 132

FLASH MEMORY CARDS

A flash memory card (sometimes called a storage card) is a
small storage device that uses nonvolatile semiconductor
memory to store data on portable or remote computing devices.
Such data includes text, pictures, audio and video.

Most current products use flash memory although other

memory technologies are being developed, including devices
that combine dynamic random access memory (DRAM) with
flash memory.
 133

Flash memory drive

Flash memory stick
➜ is a data storage device
➜ A form of flash memory that includes flash
media that plugs into memory with an
memory stick port in integrated USB
digital camera, camcorders, interface. It is typically
notebook PC, photo printer removable, rewritable
and other devices. and much smaller than
an optical disc.
 134

SOLID STATE
MEMORY DISK
Solid state memory drives, often referred to
as SSD, or Solid State Drive, refers to an
enclosed storage device that's meant to act
as a disk for a computer, but is lean on
details about what's inside the enclosure and
being used to store the data.
ONLINE SECONDARY
STORAGE
• refers to the practice of storing electronic
data with a third party service accessed
via the internet. It is an alternative to
traditional local storage (such as disk or
tape drives) and portable storage (such as
optical media or flash drives). It can also
be called “hosted storage,” “Internet
storage” or “cloud storage.”
 FUTURE
DEVELOPMENTS IN
PROCESSING &
STORAGE
 137

➜ Forthcoming developments that could affect processing power

and storage capacity.
➜ Developers are constantly seeking ways to promote faster
processing and more main memory in a smaller area.
➜ Silicon-on Insular vs. High-K Technology
 138

Selling Processing Power Over the

Internet
Application
Virtualization-
running an application on a
machine, which does not
Processing Power- ability actually have the application,
of a computer to manipulate installed. Instead, the
data. application resides on a
virtual machine on a server in
a different location.
 139

Nanotechnology- the Nanometer-

manipulation and measurement that starts
manufacturing of nanotechnology,
nanoelectronics,
materials, machines and
nanostructures,
devices on the scale of
nanofabrication which is a
molecules or atoms for
billionth of a meter,
holding data or operating at the level of
performing tasks. atoms and molecules
 140

➜ Optical Computing- also called photonic or optoelectronic computing. As of today,

computers, machines and devices use electricity. Optical Technology will make use of
light.
➜ DNA Computing- the performance of computations using biological molecules,
rather than traditional silicon chips. It is a completely nondigital way of thinking about
computing
➜ Quantum Computing- also called ultimate computing. It is an area of computing
focused on developing computer technology based on the principles of quantum theory,
which explains the behavior of energy and material on the atomic and subatomic levels.
 141

Extending Battery and Recharging

Technology
➜ Battery is said to be a weak link in our high-tech world.
Today, companies are working on developing:
 wireless charging
 lithium-ion batteries
 silver-zinc batteries and tiny fuel-cell batteries
 plug computers
 142

Ethical Matters
Gray Goo-
a scenario in which self-replicating molecule-size robots run
amok and transform all earthly matter into nanobots. People
concerned about adverse effects of nanotechnology worry that
the tiny particles might embed themselves in live tissue, with
unknown harmful effects.
Future Developments
in Secondary Storage
 144

Higher Density Disks

- Perpendicular Recording Technology- involves stacking magnetic bits
vertically on the surface of a platter (instead of horizontally which is the
usual.)
- Micro holographic disk- says could store 540 gigabytes, or the content of 100
standard DVDs, on a single DVD.
- “five- dimensional” storage- could permit a 10-terabyte disk, the equivalent
of storing 10,000 standard-definition movies on one disk.
 145

Molecular Electronics- Storage at the Subatomic Level

➜ Molecular electronics may push secondary storage into another

dimension entirely. Some possibilities include polymer memory which
involves developing an alternative to silicon to create chips that store
data on polymers, or plastics, which are cheaper than silicon devices,
holograms, molecular magnets, subatomic lines, and bacteria.