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Motivation

This document discusses different theories of motivation, including instinct approaches, drive reduction approaches, arousal approaches, incentive approaches, and cognitive approaches. It also discusses intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and some primary motives including hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, sex, and sleep. The key theories and concepts related to understanding human and animal motivation are explained at a high level.

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236 views29 pages

Motivation

This document discusses different theories of motivation, including instinct approaches, drive reduction approaches, arousal approaches, incentive approaches, and cognitive approaches. It also discusses intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and some primary motives including hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, sex, and sleep. The key theories and concepts related to understanding human and animal motivation are explained at a high level.

Uploaded by

ALI
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TOPIC

Motivation
MOTIVATION
Motivation: The factors that direct and energize the behavior of
humans and other organism.
For Example:
Their was a cyclist whose name was Lance Armstrong, Who
wanted to participate in one of the major event of Cycling “Tour
de France”. He was suffering from testicular cancer which had
spread through his lungs and brain. He did not loose the hope, he
was extra motivated that he went through serious surgery and
started the training, soon he became the winner of that event as his
cancer was no more their in his body.
APROACHES OF
MOTIVATION
Instinct Approaches. (Born to be
motivated)

Drive Reduction Approaches.


(Satisfying our needs)
Instinct Approaches
Definition: Inborn Pattern of behavior that are biologically
determined rather than learned.

•According to this approach the people and animals are


born preprogrammed with sets of behaviors essential for
their survival.
•This instinct provide them the energy that channel
behavior in appropriate direction
FOR EXAMPLE
A bird makes nest to live, it is in its
instinct not taught for that.
If a man is in jungle he will thereby
make a hut to live, this is in his instinct
Drive Reduction
Approaches
Definition: Drive reduction approach suggest that a lack of
basic biological requirement such as water produces a drive to
obtain that requirement.
There are two types of Drive:
1. Primary Drive.
2. Secondary Drive.
FOR EXAMPLE
1. If we become hungry and not eat for few hours
than their will be drive a need to search the
refrigerator, especially when next meal have
some time.
2. If the weather suddenly turns into cold, it will
drive the need to wear extra clothing or if u r
inside your home u will turn the thermostat of
your heater to warm to keep ourselves warm.
Homeostasis
Definition: The body’s tendency to maintain a steady
internal state.
 The protection of internal environment from harms and
fluctuation in external environment.
Homeostasis in the body acts like a heater thermostat when
we feel cold the blood vessel constricts causing shivering
to make us warmth. When the body becomes too warm the
blood vessel expands, to lower the body temperature.
For Example:
If someone feel hunger he will try to fulfil it by food.
Arousal Approach:
The belief that we try to maintain certain
levels of stimulation and activity, increasing and reducing them
as necessary.
As with drive-reduction model , if our stimulation and activity level become
too high ,we try to reduce them.
But in contrast to drive-reduction model, if the level of stimulation and
activity are too low, we will try to increase them by seeking stimulation.
Arousal is a physiological and psychological
state involving :
 increased heart rate
 blood pressure
 condition of alertness
 readiness to respond

It is a crucial process in motivating certain behaviours:


such as the fight or flight response
 sexual activity
It is also thought to be crucial in emotion
Incentive approach:
The theory explaining motivation in
terms of external stimuli.

What is incentive?
Incentive are those goals or objectives which satisfy some need.

Kinds of Incentives:
1) Positive incentives.
2) Negative Incentive.
3) Substitute Incentive.
Cognitive approaches:
The focus on the role of our thoughts,
expectation and understanding of the world.

Expectancy value theory

1) Our expectation that a behavior will cause us


to reach a particular goal.
2) The understanding of value (reward) of that
goal.
The term cognition (Latin: cognoscere, "to know")
is used in several loosely related ways to refer to a
faculty for the human-like processing

The concept of cognition is closely related to such


abstract concepts as mind, reasoning, perception,
intelligence, learning, and many others that describe
numerous capabilities of human mind and expected
properties of artificial or synthetic intelligence
b) Extrinsic Motivation:
Motivation by which people
participate in an activity for a tangible reward.
Extrinsic motivation comes into play when a student is

compelled to do something or act a certain way because


of factors external to him or her (like money or good
grades).
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation:

a) Intrinsic Motivation:
Motivation by which people
participate in an activity for their own enjoyment,
not for reward.

Intrinsic motivation occurs when people are
internally motivated to do something because it
either brings them pleasure, they think it is
important, or they feel that what they are learning
is morally significant.
Maslow's Motivation Theory:

Abraham Maslow in1954 attempted to


synthesize a large body of research
related to human motivation.
His theory says that as humans meet
'basic needs', they seek to satisfy
successively 'higher needs' that occupy
a set hierarchy.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Self- actualization

Esteem needs

Love and belongingness

Safety needs

Physiological needs
Physiological Needs:
Basic needs of humans to survive and live a
healthy life.
Need to Breath.
Need to Eat.
Need to Drink.
Need to Sleep.

If these needs are not fulfilled it creates


sickness discomforts and imbalance.
Safety Needs:
When physiological needs are met, the
need for safety will emerge. Because
everyone wants to be secure.

 Security of health.
 Security of employment.
 Security of revenues and property.
Love and
Belongingness:
After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled,
the third layer of human needs is social. This
involves emotionally-based relationships and
affiliations.
 Social connections:(Family, Relatives, Friends,
Colleagues,partners.etc)
 Social groups: (office culture,Clubs, Organizations,
religious groups and sports teams. etc)
Esteem Needs:
According to Maslow, all humans have a
need to have self-respect, and to respect
others.
 Recognition by others.
 Have self worth and value.
 Confidence.
 Achievement.
 Imbalance lead to inferiority complexes.
Self actualization
Needs:
Self-actualization is the instinctual need of
humans to make the most of their unique
abilities and to strive to be the best they can
be.
 Creativity.
 Problem solving.
 Acceptance of facts.
 A teacher who maximizes oppertunities of success
for students.
Primary motives:
Hunger
Thirst
Temperature
Sex
Sleep
Primary motive: hunger

•Hunger is the regulation of food intake

•There are two factors of hunger


biological
 psychological.

•Biological factor of hunger :

•Control center located in the hypothalamus


Primary motive:
hunger
Hypothalamus is open when the blood
sugar is decreased.
When hypothalamus is closed then
hunger is satisfied .
If use sugar not food then the
hypothalamus is closed and hunger is
satisfied.
Primary motives: hunger

Psychological factors in hunger


learning affects hunger
emotion affects hunger
incentives affect hunger
social situations affect hunger
commercials, time, and smells all affect
hunger
Primary motives: thirst

Thirst is the regulation of fluid intake

•Biological factors of thirst :


•A “drink” and a “stop drinking” center are located in different
sections of the hypothalamus
•Homeostatic measurements of blood volume regulate thirst; as
blood volume decreases a hormone called angiotensin is
released by the kidneys; hypthalamic detection causes thirst
Primary motives: thirst

Biological regulation of thirst (continue.)


cell fluid levels in the body and a dry mouth are also stimuli
which affect thirst

Psychological factors in thirst


The sight and smell of desired fluids.
excluding alcohol, it is not as powerful as that for foods
Any Question?

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