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Presented To:: Presentation of Logic

The document presents a logic presentation given by four students to Madam Uzma Rehman. [1] The presentation covers the theory of deduction, categorical propositions and classes, quality, quantity and distribution, and the traditional square of opposition. [2] It defines categorical propositions as those that affirm or deny a class is included in another class completely or partially. [3] The presentation explains the four types of categorical propositions - A, E, I, and O - and covers their quality, quantity, and distribution.

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63 views17 pages

Presented To:: Presentation of Logic

The document presents a logic presentation given by four students to Madam Uzma Rehman. [1] The presentation covers the theory of deduction, categorical propositions and classes, quality, quantity and distribution, and the traditional square of opposition. [2] It defines categorical propositions as those that affirm or deny a class is included in another class completely or partially. [3] The presentation explains the four types of categorical propositions - A, E, I, and O - and covers their quality, quantity, and distribution.

Uploaded by

ALI
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Presentation of logic:

Presented To:
Madam Uzma Rehman

Presented By:
Syed Ali Kamran Abidi. 50
Mirza Ali Raza. 90
M. Jaffar Tayar. 48
Syed Hussain Zain-ul-Abideen. 85
Topic to be described:

1.) The Theory of Deduction.


2.) Categorical Propositions and classes.
3.) Quality, Quantity and Distribution.
4.) The Traditional Square of Opposition.
(Contradictories, Contraries, Subcontraries,
Subalternation).
1. The Theory of Deduction:

• “A deductive argument is one whose premises


are claimed to provide conclusive grounds for
the truth of its conclusion.”
• Logic is divided into two parts. The first of it is
the “classical” or “Aristotelian” Logic. The
second is called “Modern” or “Symbolic” Logic.
2. (a) Categorical propositions:

• Categorical proposition is the base for the


Classical Logic. They are called categorical
propositions because they are about categories
or classes.
• Such propositions affirm or deny that some
class S is included in some other class p,
completely or partially.
There are four types of categorical propositions which are also called
Four Fold Scheme:

1. A (Inclusion). Universal Affirmative proposition.


• All politicians are liars.

2. E (Exclusion) Universal Negative proposition.


• No politicians are liars.

3. I (Partially Inclusion) Particular Affirmative Proposition.


• Some politicians are liars.

4. O (Partially Exclusion). Particular Negative Proposition.


• Some politicians are not liars.
(b) Classes:

• Classical categories (special kinds) are three:


• Class Inclusion.
• Class Exclusion.
• Class Partially Inclusion and Exclusion
3. (a) Quality:

• Quality wise any proposition may be called


negative or affirmative.
• If the proposition affirms some class inclusion,
whether complete or partial, its quality is
affirmative.
• If the proposition denies some class inclusion,
whether complete or partial, its quality is
negative.
(b) Quantity:
• Quantity wise any proposition is divided into Universal
& Particular.
• If the proposition refers to all members of the class
designated by its subject term, its quantity is Universal.
• Thus A and E are Universal.
• If the proposition refers only to some members of the
class designated by its subject term, its quantity is
Particular.
• Thus I and O are Particular.
(c) Structure of standard form categorical
proposition:

• The general skeleton of proposition is:


Quantifier + Subject + Copula + Predicate.
(d) Distribution:
In distribution we check the class inclusion and exclusion in
propositions.
• A:
• A distribute its subject only.
• E:
• E distributes its subject as well as predicate.
• I:
• In I Both terms are not distributed.
• O:
• O distributes its predicate only.
The Traditional Square of Opposition:
The categorical propositions having same subject and predicate terms may
differ in quality & quantity or in both. This differing is called “Opposition”.

A Contraries E

Subalternation Contradictories Subalternation

I Sub Contraries O
Contraries:

• Two propositions in contraries both cannot be


true or false or truth and falsity of one entails
on the other.
• Relation b/w A and E is called contraries.
A E

Example:
A: All judges are lawyers.
E: No judges are lawyers.
Subcontraries:

• Both cannot be false both can be true.


• Relation b/w I and O is called Subcontraries.

I O

Example:
I: Some judges are lawyers.
O: Some judges are not lawyers.
Subalternation:
• If universal is true than particular must be true. If
universal is false than particular may be undecided.
• Relation b/w A & I and E & O is called Subalternation.
A I
E O

Example:
A: All teachers are idealistic persons.
I: Some teachers are idealistic persons.

E: No teachers are idealistic persons


O: Some teachers are not idelisti
Contradictories:

• Both can not be true and both cannot be false.


• Relation b/w A & O and E & I is called
Contradictories.
A O
E I

A: All diamonds are precious stones.


O: Some diamonds are not precious stones.

E: No diamonds are precious stones.


I: Some diamonds are precious stones.
Any Questions?
THANK YOU

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