By - Yihun Tefera

(MSc. In Energy Engineering)

2012 EC
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 Introduction to MATLAB

Outline:

• What is Matlab ?
• Matlab Environment / Screen
• Variables & Arrays
• Some Symbolic commands and
Applications
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 What is Matlab
????
 Stands for MATrix LABoratory

 High level programming language

 Holds predefined function

 High level Solving Capacity 3

 Matlab Environment
Start / Open Matlab Environment

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When Matlab Environment starts
1. You will briefly see a window that displays the
MATLAB logo as well as some product information,
and then

2. MATLAB Desktop window will launch.

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 Matlab Environment
Contains:
1.Windows: Command Windows,
Work Space,
Current directory &
Command history

2. Bar: Title, Menu, tool

3. Other floating item/ buttons: Sizing, start, fn , 6

 Display Windows (continued …)

Launch Pad:
displays all the
tools and
applications
associated with
MATLAB;

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 Matlab as Scrach pad
It is just simple calculator
Matlab is interactive, no need to declare variables

>> 2+3*4/2

>> a=5e-3; b=1; a+b

Most elementary functions and constants are already

defined

>> cos(pi)
>> abs(1+i)
>> sin(pi) 8
MATLAB utilizes the following arithmetic operators:

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 Variables
Initializing Variables
Syntax
Var = Expression

Where:

Var – the name of the variable

Expression - assign values

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 Variables (continued …)
Variable names:

 Must start with a letter

 May contain only letters, digits, and the underscore

“_”

 case sensitive, i.e. one & One are different variables.

 Matlab only recognizes the first 31 characters in a

variable name.

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 Variables (continued …)
 To initialize variable with contents by simply typing the
variable name at the command prompt as:

 Example – store a value of 12 in Variable name “ T ”

>> T = 12

>>
>> T * 2
T=
24
>>

To view the variable contents

simply typing the variable name at the command prompt
 Arrays & its Operations

 Vectors

 Matrices

 Linear algebra

 Solutions to Systems of Linear Equations.

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 Initializing Vectors
 A row vector is created by an explicit list, starting with a left bracket, entering the
values separated by spaces (or commas) and closing the vector with a right bracket.

 A column vector can be created the same way, and the rows are separated by
semicolons.

v is a row vector.
Example:

w is a column vector.

Vectors (arrays) are defined as

 >> v = [1, 2, 4, 5]

 >> w = [1; 2; 4; 5]
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 Matrices
A Matrix :
 is an array in two-dimensional,
 having both multiple rows and multiple columns,

Its data element entry is similar to vector arrays:

 It begins with [ , and end with ]

 Spaces or commas are used to separate elements in a row
 Semicolon or enter is used to separate rows.

Example: Enter the given matrix A element values in Matlab

In Matlab entery of matrix,

A:
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 Matrix Reference (continued …)
A(1,1) 1st element
A(2,1) 2nd element
A(3,1) 3rd
full index A(4,1)
A(1,2)
4th
Consider a 4-by-3 matrix A(2,2) 5th
A(3,2) 6th
A(4,2) 7th
1 5 9 A(1,3) 8th
2 6 10 A(2,3) 9th
A(3,3) 10th
3 7 11
A(4,3) 11th
4 8 12
12th

linear index
Indexing using parentheses

>> A(2,3)
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Indexing submatrices using vectors of row and column indices

>> A([2 3],[1 2]) 16

 Some Basic Symbolic Commands
Sqrt – finds the square root of the expression
syntax : sqrt(x)
roots – finds the roots of polynomial expression
syntax : roots(f)
polyder – finds the derivative of the polynomial expression
syntax : polyder(x)

Simplify – simplify the polynomial expression

syntax : simplify(x) -
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 Some Basic Symbolic Commands

exp – the e power of the expression

syntax : exp(x) -

log – find the natural logarithm of the expression

syntax : log(f)

log10 – find the logarithm of base 10 expression

syntax : log10(f)
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Basics: Algebraic expression
 The polynomials are represented by their coefficients in
MATLAB.

 Consider the following polynomial:

A(s) = s3 + 3s2 + 3s + 1
In MATLAB can be written as:
>> A = [ 1 3 3 1];

And to find the roots of this expression in Matlab

>> s =roots(A)
s= 19
 Solutions to Systems of Linear Equations

Example: A system of 3 linear equations with 3 unknowns (x1, x2, x3):

3x1 + 2x2 – x3 = 10
- x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 = 5
x1 – x2 – x3 = -1
Let :
3 2 1  x1  10 
A   1 3 2  x   x2  b 5 
     
 1  1  1  x3   1

Then, the system can be described as:

Ax = b

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 Solutions to Systems of Linear
Equations (con’t…)
 Solution by Matrix Inverse:  Solution by Matrix Division:
Ax = b The solution to the equation
A-1Ax = A-1b Ax = b
x = A-1b can be computed using left division.

 MATLAB:  MATLAB:
>> A = [ 3 2 -1; -1 3 2; 1 -1 -1]; >> A = [ 3 2 -1; -1 3 2; 1 -1 -1];
>> b = [ 10; 5; -1]; >> b = [ 10; 5; -1];
>> x = inv(A)*b >> x = A\b
x= x=
-2.0000 -2.0000
5.0000 5.0000
-6.0000 -6.0000
Answer: Answer:
x1 = -2, x2 = 5, x3 = -6 x1 = -2, x2 = 5, x3 = -6

NOTE:
left division: A\b  b  A right division: x/y  x  y 21
Exercise: 1. Evaluate / compute the result of

i. X = 32 – (5+4) x 2 + √ (6 2.1+ 3)
ii. Y = e2 - log 2 + ln 20

2. Find the roots of :

iii. 2x4 + 4x2 – 6x + 9 = 0

ii.
log5x1 - 3x2 + ln x3 = 5
e2x1 + 2x2 - 3x3 + x4 = 1
log3x2 - 5x3 + 6x4 = -5
- x1 + 2x3 - (2.1)2 x4 = 0 22
 Thank U
Q & A / Discussion

Session

????

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