MATRICES AND

TRANSFORMATIONS
Transforming a shape by a
given matrix
  0 1
1 a Transform triangle ABC using the transformation matrix   .
 1 0
b Describe the transformation.
y
B’x x C’ yx
4
C
a
A B C A’ B’ C’ 2 A’x
 0 1 2 5 5  1 1 3 
 1 0  1 1 3   2 5 5  A B
x
     -4 -2 0 2 4

-2
b It is a reflection in the line y  x.
-4
  1 0 
2 a Transform triangle ABC using the transformation matrix   .
 0 1
b Describe the transformation.
y

B’ A’
x 4 x
a
A B C A’ B’ C’ x 2
 1 0  3 4 2   3 4 2  C’
 0 1 4 4 2    4 4 2  x
     -4 -2 0 2 4
C
-2
b It is a rotation of 180o about the
point (0, 0).
-4
A B
 2 0
3 a Transform triangle ABC using the transformation matrix   .
0 2
b Describe the transformation.
y

C’
4x
a C
A B C A’ B’ C’ 2
 2 0  2 1 0  4 2 0 
 0 2  2 2 2     x
    4 4 4  -4 -2 0 2 4

-2
b It is an enlargement scale factor A B
2, centre (0, 0). x x
-4
A’ B’
Finding the matrix for a
transformation
  a b  1  a   a b  0   b 
 c d  0     and  c d  1   
    c      d 

a b
This means that the matrix c d  maps the vectors
 

 1 a 0  b
0 c  and  1 d 
       
y
 1 0
So if you know where   and  1 go
0  
you can write down the transformation matrix. 1

To do this always transform the ‘unit square’. x

x x

 1  1 0  0
0 0 and  1 1
       

 1 0
Transformation matrix =  
 0 1
2 Reflection in y axis.
y y

x x

 1 1 0  0
0   and  1  1
   0    

 1 0 
Transformation matrix =  
 0 1
3 Reflection in y = x.
y y

x x

 1 0 0  1
0  1 and  1 0
       

 0 1
Transformation matrix =  
 1 0
4 Rotation 90o clockwise about the point (0, 0).
y y

x x

 1  0 0  1
0 1 and  1 0 
       

 0 1
Transformation matrix =  
 1 0 
5 Rotation 180o about the point (0, 0).
y y

x x

 1 1 0  0
0  0 and  1  
      1

 1 0 
Transformation matrix =  
 0 1
6 Rotation 90o anticlockwise about the point (0, 0).
y y

x x

 1 0 0 1

 0 1
Transformation matrix =  
 1 0
7 Enlargement, scale factor 2, centre (0, 0).
y y

x x

 1 2 0 0 
0 0 and  1 2 
       

2 0
Transformation matrix =  
0 2
8 Enlargement, scale factor ½, centre (0, 0).
y y

x x

 1  21  0 0 
0 0 and  1 1 
      2 

 21 0 
Transformation matrix =  1
0 2 
9 Enlargement, scale factor −2, centre (0, 0).
y y

x x

 1 2 0  0
0   and  1  
   0   2

 2 0 
Transformation matrix =  
 0 2 
10 Stretch, stretch factor 2, y axis invariant.
y y

x x

 1 2 0 0 
0 0 and  1  1
       

2 0
Transformation matrix =  
 0 1
11 Stretch, stretch factor 2, x axis invariant.
y y

x x

 1  1 0  0
0 0 and  1  2
       

 1 0
Transformation matrix =  
0 2
12 Shear, shear factor 1, x axis invariant.
y y

x x

 1  1 0 1 
0 0 and  1 1 
       

 1 1
Transformation matrix =  0 1
 
13 Shear, shear factor 2, x axis invariant.
y y

x x

 1  1 0  2
0 0 and  1  1
       

 1 2
Transformation matrix =  
 0 1
14 Shear, shear factor 1, y axis invariant.
y y

x x

 1  1 0 0
0  1 and  1  1
       

1 0 
Transformation matrix =  1 1
 
15 Shear, shear factor 2, y axis invariant.
y y

x x

 1  1 0  0 
0 2 and  1  1 
       

 1 0
Transformation matrix =  
 2 1
 Finding the matrix for a
combined transformation
1 Stretch with stretch factor 2 and the y axis invariant followed by a
rotation of 180o about the origin.
y y

x x

 1 2 0  0
0  0 and  1 1
       

 2 0 
Transformation matrix =  
 0 1
2 Enlargement, scale factor 2, centre (0, 0) followed by a rotation 90o
clockwise yabout the origin. y

x x

 1  0 0  2
0 2 and  1  0
       

 0 2
Transformation matrix =  
 2 0 
3 Stretch, stretch factor 3 with the x axis invariant followed by a stretch,
stretch factor 2 with the y axis invariant.
y y

x x

 1 2 0  0
0 0 and  1  3
       

2 0
Transformation matrix =  
0 3