Planned and built Cities

Town Planning of Brasilia :

Oscar Niemeyer
 Brasília is the federal capital of Brazil.

• Brasilia, the planned city of Brazil.

• It has a population of 2,562,963),making it the fourth largest city in Brazil.

• Brasília is the largest city in the world that did

It is the third capital of Brazil
not exist at the beginning of the 20th century.
-Salvador(1549-1763). • The city was planned & developed in 1956 with
LUCIO COSTA-- principal urban planner and
-Rio de Janeiro(1763-1960)
OSCAR NIEMEYER --principal architect.
• In 1960 it formally became Brazil’s capital.
• City’s shape resembles an airplane or a
• bird.
• It is listed as world heritage site by UNESCO
Size : 2245 sq. mile (5814 sq.m )

Project:-

•1956 LUCIO COSTA Brazilian Urban Planner wins competition

•Major government buildings designed by architect OSCAR NIEMEYER.

•Landscape and layout planned by designer ROBERTO BURLE.

Population : Planned for only 50,000 inhabitants,due to massive population growth ;

Currently there are 2,557,000 inhabitants.

Purpose of Brasilia

• For new development.

• To relieve the pressure of overpopulation from the Old capital rio de janeiro.

• To create a renewed sense of national pride. A Completely modern 21st century city.
PLANO PILATO- BEST BY LUCIO COSTA
 AIMS of Plano Piloto-

• Ideal city, ideal society

• Symbol of Brazilian greatness

• Lead to the development of the

central region of Brazil

• Become the new centre of

Brazil

When seen from above, the city’s pilot plan (―Plano Piloto‖) resembles the
shape of an airplane Others see it as a bird with open wings.
LANDSCAPING
• Superblocks: surrounded by bands of greenery planted with trees
• Strips of the Districts :Also planted with greenery
• Park City: Filled with open areas, such as parks, squares, for flower and vegetable
gardens, orchards, Botanic garden
• Cemeteries : end of residential highway axis.
VEHICULAR CIRCULATION
• Secondary Roads: controls heavy vehicular traffic
• Traffic: controlled by roads that would either go on a platform, underground, or under
the platform.
• Clover shaped Turn-offs: circulate in the different districts without creating an
intersection.
PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION
Independent Paths:
• local pathway systems were created for each district (residential, commercial,
administrative districts)
• Separated from vehicular circulation.
 TOWN PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMABAD:
Constantinos A Doxiadis
Le Corbusier : Chandigarh
 Le Corbusier's Master Plan
'The Master plan prepared by Le Corbusier was broadly similar to the one prepared by the team
of planners led by Albert Mayer and Mathew Novicki
except that the shape of the city plan was modified from one with a curving
road network to rectangular shape with a grid iron pattern. The city plan was conceived as post
war ‘Garden City’ wherein vertical and high rise buildings were ruled out, keeping in view
the socio economic-conditions and living habits of the people.
Due to economic constraints, the master plan was to be realized in two phases,
catering to a total population of half a million.

Phase-I consisting of 30 low density sector spread over an area of 9000 acres (Sector 1 to 30)
for 1,50,000 people whereas

Phase-II consisting of 17 considerably high density Sectors ( Sectors 31 to 47) spread over
an area of 6000 acres for a population of 3,50,000.
 SECTOR- THE BASIS PLANNING UNIT

The primary module of city’s design is a Sector, a neighborhood unit of size

800 meters x 1200 meters. It is a self-sufficient unit having shops, school,
health centers and places of recreations and worship. The population of a
sector varies between 3000 and 20000 depending upon the sizes of plots and
the topography of the area.
Le Corbusier conceived the master plan of Chandigarh as analogous to human body,
with a clearly defined
• head (the Capitol Complex, Sector 1),
• heart (the City Centre Sector-17),
• lungs ( the leisure valley, innumerable open spaces and sector greens),
• the intellect (the cultural and educational institutions), the circulatory system
(the network of roads, the 7Vs) and
• the viscera (the Industrial Area).
The concept of the city is based on four major functions:
living,
working,
care of the body and spirit and
circulation.

Residential sectors constitute the living part whereas the Capitol Complex, City
Centre, Educational Zone (Post Graduate Institute, Punjab Engineering College,
Panjab University) and the Industrial Area constitute the working part. The
Leisure Valley, Gardens, Sector Greens and Open Courtyards etc. are for the care
of body and spirit. The circulation system comprises of 7 different types of roads
known as 7Vs. Later on, a pathway for cyclists called V8 were added to this
circulation system.
The Capital complex comprises three architectural masterpieces: the "Secretariat",
the "High Court" and the "Legislative Assembly", separated by large piazzas.

The city centre (Sector 17) is the heart of Chandigarh's activities. It comprises the
Inter-State Bus Terminus, Parade Ground, District Courts, etc. on one hand, and vast
business and shopping center on the other. The 4-storey concrete buildings house banks
and offices above and showrooms/shops at the ground level with wide pedestrian
concourses.

Though educational, cultural and medical facilities are spread all over city, however,
major institutions are located in Sectors 10, 11, 12, 14 and 26.
He is also responsible for the hierarchic road system, which contains 7 layers, or V’s.

V1:  national highway: coming in and out of Chandigarh, fastest traffic

V2: main roads in Chandigarh: Madhya Marg and Dakshin Marg, a lot of fast traffic
V3: roads between sectors, fast traffic
V4: east west roads through the middle of sectors: shops and residences, slower traffic
V5: main loop road within sector, slow traffic
V6: roads leading to houses, slowest traffic
V7: pedestrian paths, blocked by walk-though gates and turnstiles to every other form of traffic
 V3

V6

V5

V4

V7-P
 HOUSING

The residential buildings were governed by a mechanism known as 'frame

control' created by the municipal administration to control their facades. This
fixed the building line and height and the use of building materials. Certain
standard sizes of doors and windows are specified and all the gates and
boundary walls must conform to standard design. The idea was to ensure that
the view from the street, which belonged to the community, was of same visual
order and discipline to maintain uniformity.
 COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
All buildings located in the City Centre are commercial or institutional
buildings located along V-2 roads were subjected to controls. The
system of the City Centre was based on a grid of columns. fixed
5.26 meters shuttering pattern on concrete and a system of glazing or
screen walls behind the line of columns. The interior planning was left
to the owners. and in the exterior, certain variations are permitted to
give variety to the architectural composition.
THE SECRETARIAT THE HIGH COURT
THE ASSEMBLY HALL
 POSITIVE HIGHLIGHTS

• Each sector satisfies the necessities of human needs

• Separate roads for pedestrian, bicycle and heavy vehicles

• Shops on ground floor, residence on upper floor

• Shop protected from rain and sun, as a covered walkway

for the customers

 NEGATIVE HIGHLIGHTS
• Roads being similar to each other creates confusion

• Brutal concrete gives a rough look

• City not planned for lower income people.
• Existence of slums around the city
 GROWTH OF CHANDIGARH

• The Chandigarh has become Hi-tech city by setting up of I.T. park.

• The Chandigarh being the regional centre is hub of political and
bureaucratic activities of the 3 neighbouring states of Punjab, Haryana
and Himachal Pradesh.
• The high profile education and health facilities are available in the
Chandigarh, like Punjab Engineering College and PGI, York, Fortis.
• The Chandigarh has its tourist potential.
 PROBLEMS

With the development of the city, it is also confronting

some problems because population increased in city due
to high rate of migration to cities and due to that :

• Water supply demand is increased

• Sanitation problem occurs
• And slum development started
About Sir Patrick Geddes

• Sir Patrick Geddes (2 October 1854 – 17 April 1932) was a Scottish biologist,

sociologist, geographer, philanthropist and pioneering town planner.

• He is known for his innovative thinking in the fields of urban planning and sociology.

• He introduced the concept of "region" to architecture and planning and coined the

term "conurbation".

• Geddes was the founder of the College des Ecossaise (Scots College) an

international teaching establishment in Montpellier, France.

• He studied at the Royal College of Mines in London under Thomas Henry Huxley

between 1874 and 1878, and lectured in Zoology at Edinburgh University from 1880
• Patrick Geddes was influenced by social theorists such as Herbert Spencer
(1820–1903) and French theorist Frederic Le Play (1806–1882) and expanded upon
earlier theoretical developments that lead to the concept of regional planning.

• He adopted Spencer's theory that the concept of biological evolution could be

applied to explain the evolution of society, and drew on Le Play's analysis of the key
units of society as constituting "Lieu, Travail, Famille" ("Place, Work, Family"), but
changing the last from "family" to "folk". In this theory, the family is viewed as the
central "biological unit of human society "from which all else develops.

• According to Geddes, it is from "stable, healthy homes” providing the necessary

conditions for mental and moral development that come beautiful and healthy
children who are able "to fully participate in life".
Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) is a metropolitan area consisting of
the metropolis of Mumbai and its satellite towns. Developing over a period of about 20
years, it consists of seven municipal corporations and fifteen smaller municipal councils.
The region has an area of 4,355 km² and with a population of 20,998,395, it is among
the top ten most populated urban agglomeration in the world. It is linked with Mumbai
through the Mumbai Suburban Railway system and a large network of roads.

The National Capital Region (NCR) is a name for the conurbation or

metropolitan area which encompasses the entire National Capital Territory of Delhi as
well as urban areas ringing it in neighbouring states of UP, Haryana and Rajasthan. With
a total area of about 33,578 km2 (12,965 sq mi) it had an estimated population of
21,961,994 in 2007.
• Since, all the five factors necessary for development of a region are divided with five
different place.
• Production, Manufacturing, automobile, Thermal Electricity projects have been an
active part in the growth of the state.
• The distance between the cities in Maharashtra, ranges mostly in 100km-300km
making transportation, connectivity, inter-dependency prosper within the state.
• Maharashtra is divided into six revenue divisions, which are further divided into thirty-
five districts.
• These thirty-five districts are further divided into 109 sub-divisions of the districts
and 357 Talukas in Maharashtra.
• The six administrative divisions in Maharashtra state are Amravati Division,
Aurangabad Division, Konkan Division, Nagpur Division, Nashik Division, and Pune
Division.
• The Admistrational aspect of Maharashtra is quite a unique factor since six
divisions are set up as a network working together to form a well efficient and
working governance.