James T.

Shipman
Jerry D. Wilson
Charles A. Higgins, Jr.
Omar Torres

Motion

© 2016 Cengage Learning

 Force and Motion –
Cause and Effect

• In this module we will look at both force and motion

– the cause and effect.
• We will consider:
• Newton’s three laws of motion
• Newton’s law of universal gravitation

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Intro
 Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727)

• He was only 25 years old when he formulated most

of his discoveries in math and physics
• His book Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy is considered to be the most important
publication in the history of Physics

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Intro
 Force and Net Force

• Force – a vector quantity capable of producing

motion or a change in motion
• A force is capable of changing an object’s velocity and
thereby producing acceleration.
• A given force may not actually produce a change in
motion because other forces may serve to balance or
cancel the effect

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.1
Balanced (Equal) Forces –
No Motion

Equal in magnitude but in opposite directions

© 2016 Cengage Learning
Section 3.1
Unbalanced Forces Result in Motion

Net force to the right

© 2016 Cengage Learning
Section 3.1
 Newton’s First Law of Motion

• Aristotle considered the natural state of most matter

to be at rest
• Galileo concluded that objects could naturally remain
in motion indefinitely
• Newton’s 1st Law of Motion – An object will remain
at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless
acted on by an external, unbalanced force

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.2
 Objects and Newton’s 1st Law

• An object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in

a straight line unless acted on by an external,
unbalanced force
• Balanced forces have equal magnitude in opposite
directions
• An external force is a force applied to the entire
object or system

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.2
 Motion and Inertia

• Inertia – the natural tendency of an object to remain

in a state of rest or in uniform motion in a straight
line (first introduced by Galileo)
• Basically, objects tend to maintain their state of
motion and resist change
• Newton went one step further and related an object’s
mass to its inertia
• The greater the mass of an object, the greater its inertia
• The smaller the mass of an object, the less its inertia

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.2
 Mass and Inertia

The large man has more inertia – more force is necessary to start
him swinging and also to stop him due to his greater inertia.

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.2
 Mass and Inertia

Quickly pull the paper and the stack of quarters tends to stay in
place due to inertia.

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.2
 “Law of Inertia”

• Because of the relationship between motion and

inertia:
• Newton’s First Law of Motion is sometimes called
the Law of Inertia
• Seatbelts help ’correct’ for this law during sudden
changes in speed

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.2
 Newton’s Second Law of Motion

forc e
• A cceleration 
m a ss
• Acceleration (change in velocity) produced by a force
acting on an object is directly proportional to the
magnitude of the force (the greater the force the
greater the acceleration)
• Acceleration of an object is inversely proportional to
the mass of the object (the greater the mass of an
object the smaller the acceleration)
• a = F/m or F = ma

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.3
 Force, Mass, Acceleration

a) Original situation:
F
a
m
b) If we double the
force we double the
acceleration
c) If we double the
mass we halve the
acceleration

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.3
 F = ma

• “F” is the net force (unbalanced), which is likely the

vector sum of two or more forces
• “m” & “a” concern the whole system
• Units
• Force = mass×acceleration = kg×m/s2 = N
• N = kg×m/s2 = newton – this is a derived unit and is
the metric system (SI) unit of force

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.3
Net Force and Total Mass – Example

• Forces are applied to blocks connected by a string

(weightless) resting on a frictionless surface. Mass of
each block = 1 kg; F1 = 5.0 N; F2 = 8.0 N.
• What is the acceleration of the system?

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.3
Net Force and Total Mass – Example

• Forces are applied to blocks connected by a string

(weightless) resting on a frictionless surface. Mass of
each block = 1 kg; F1 = 5.0 N; F2 = 8.0 N. What is
the acceleration of the system?
• Given:
• m1 = 1 kg; m2 = 1 kg
• F1 = –5.0 N; F2 = 8.0 N
• a=?
FF 8
.
0 
N5
.
0N 2

• a 
ne
t
1
.
5m/
s
m
m
1m21
.
0kg
+1
.
0kg
© 2016 Cengage Learning
Section 3.3
 Mass & Weight

• Mass = amount of matter present

• Weight = related to the force of gravity
• Earth: weight = mass×acc. due to gravity
• w = mg (special case of F = ma)
• Weight is a force due to the pull of gravity
• Therefore, one’s weight changes due to changing pull
of gravity – like between the Earth and Moon
• Moon’s gravity is only 1/6th that of Earth’s

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.3
 Computing Weight – Example

What is the weight of a 2.45-kg mass on (a) Earth, and

(b) the Moon?

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.3
 Computing Weight – Example

• What is the weight of a 2.45 kg mass on (a) Earth,

and (b) the Moon?
• Use Equation w = mg
• Earth: w = mg = (2.45 kg)(9.8 m/s2) = 24.0 N
(or 5.4 lb since 1 lb = 4.45 N)
• Moon: w = mg = (2.45 kg)[(9.8 m/s2)/6] = 4.0 N
(or 0.9 lb)

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.3
 Mass & Acceleration

• Acceleration
due to gravity is
independent of
the mass
• Both F & m
are doubled,
resulting in g
remaining
constant
© 2016 Cengage Learning
Section 3.3
 Friction

• Friction – resistance to relative motion that occurs

whenever two materials are in contact with each other
• Ever-present and found in all states (solids, liquids, and
gases) of matter
• In some cases we want to increase friction (sand on
ice), in other cases we want to reduce friction (motor
oil)

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.3
 Two Types of Friction

• Static friction occurs when the frictional force is

sufficient to prevent relative motion between surfaces
• Kinetic (or sliding) friction occurs when there is
relative motion between surfaces in contact
• Kinetic friction is generally less than static friction
• Usually it takes less force to keep something moving than
to start it moving

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.3
 Coefficients of Friction

• Coefficients of friction (m) are dimensionless

quantities used to characterize particular contact
situations
• Both coefficients of static friction (ms) and
coefficients of kinetic friction (mk) are determined
experimentally for a wide range of contact surfaces
• Usually (ms) > (mk)

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.3
Approximate Values for Coefficients of
Friction

© 2016 Cengage Learning

 Newton’s Third Law of Motion

• For every action there is an equal and opposite

reaction
or
• Whenever on object exerts a force on a second object,
the second object exerts an equal and opposite force
on the first object.
• action = opposite reaction
• F   F o rm a  m a
1 2 1
1 2
2

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.4
 Newton’s Third Law of Motion

• F 1   F2 or m 1a1   m 2a2
• Jet propulsion – exhaust gases in one direction and
the rocket in the other direction
• Gravity – jump from a table and you will accelerate
to Earth. In reality BOTH you and the Earth are
accelerating towards each other
• You – small mass, huge acceleration (m1a1)
• Earth – huge mass, very small acceleration (–m2a2)
• BUT  m 1a1 m a
22

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.4
 Newton’s Laws in Action

• Friction on the tires provides necessary centripetal

acceleration
• Passengers continue straight ahead in original direction and as
car turns the door comes toward passenger – 1st law
• As car turns you push against door and the door equally
pushes against you – 3rd law
© 2016 Cengage Learning
Section 3.4
 Newton’s Law of Gravitation

• Gravity is a fundamental force of nature

• We do not know what causes it
• We can only describe it
• Law of Universal Gravitation – Every particle in the
universe attracts every other particle with a force that
is directly proportional to the product of their masses
and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.5
 Newton’s Law of Gravitation

G m 1m
• Equation form: F 2
r2
• G is the universal gravitational constant
• G = 6.67×10–11 N.m2/kg2
• G:
• is a very small quantity
• thought to be valid throughout the universe
• was measured by Cavendish 70 years after Newton’s death
• not equal to “g” and not a force

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.5
 Newton’s Law of Gravitation

• The forces that attract particles together are equal and opposite
• F 1   F 2 or m 1a 1   m 2a 2

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.5
 Newton’s Law of Gravitation

Gm1m
• F 2
r2

• For a homogeneous sphere

the gravitational force acts
as if all the mass of the
sphere were at its center

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.5
 Applying Newton’s Law
of Gravitation – Example
• Two objects with masses of 1.0 kg and 2.0 kg are 1.0
m apart. What is the magnitude of the gravitational
force between the masses?

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.5
 Applying Newton’s Law
of Gravitation – Example
• Two objects with masses of 1.0 kg and 2.0 kg are 1.0
m apart. What is the magnitude of the gravitational
force between the masses?
G m 1m
• F 2
r2

• 
F
 6
.
67
1
01
1
N
m 2 2
/k
g  1
.
0k 2
g .
0k
g
1 
2
.
0m
• 

F1.
31
01
0
N

© 2016 Cengage Learning

Section 3.5