EEE 306 Project

Project Title: Investigating the effect of HVDC

connection and large industrial loads in IEEE 39-bus
network
Submitted by
Md. Tahmid Kabir (1706072) Ahadur Rahman(1706075)
Bulbul Ahmed Joy (1706073) Khandaker Khairuzzaman(1706076)
Md. Sabbir Hossen Bijoy(1706074) Kazi Ishrak Ahmed(1706077)
Load Flow Outputs
 Bus Table Problems
Bus ID kV Base Vmin - [pu] Vmax - [pu] V sol - [pu] Ang sol - [deg]

7 345 0.95 1.05 0.945 -10.4

8 345 0.95 1.05 0.946 -11

12 138 0.95 1.05 0.936 -6.1

36 16.5 0.95 1.05 1.064 8.9

The bus voltages on Buses B12, B7, B8 are beyond the limit of 0.95.
The voltage of those buses is lower than nominal operating conditions.
Besides those, B36 bus is overloaded which is outside the limit 1.05
which is 1.064.
UNDERLOADED TRANSFORMERS (WITHIN 50%)

Loading Limit -
ID Bus From Bus To Power Flow - [MVA]
[MVA]

T01 12 11 41.992 150

T02 12 13 46.575 150

T10 2 30 291.817 500

T12 19 20 123.261 500

Here, T01 and T02 are under-loaded, T10 and T12 is loaded near to nominal
operating region.
 Summary

Summary Data Active Power Reactive Power

Total generation 6150.978 1365.157

Spinning reserve 9239.022

Static Load 6097.1 1408.9

Total load 6097.1 1408.9

Line / cable losses 33.344 -649.414

Transformer losses 20.534 605.672

Total losses 53.877 -43.742

Total losses of the system in case of active power is 53.877 MW and in case of
reactive power is -43.742 MVAR
Load Flow Output after adding HVDC
HVDC addition between BUS 39 and BUS 9
 Bus Table Problems
Bus ID kV Base Vmin - [pu] Vmax - [pu] V sol - [pu] Ang sol - [deg]
4 345 0.95 1.05 0.915 -1.4
5 345 0.95 1.05 0.899 -0.3
6 345 0.95 1.05 0.903 0
7 345 0.95 1.05 0.874 -1.1
8 345 0.95 1.05 0.864 -0.8
9 345 0.95 1.05 0.783 14.9
B9_INV 100 0.95 1.05 0.772 18.3
10 345 0.95 1.05 0.928 3.2
11 345 0.95 1.05 0.919 2.2
12 138 0.95 1.05 0.901 2.3
13 345 0.95 1.05 0.926 2.5
14 345 0.95 1.05 0.928 0.8
15 345 0.95 1.05 0.949 0.8
36 16.5 0.95 1.05 1.064 17.7

We can see that the bus voltages on Buses B4,B5,B6,B7,B8,B9, B10,B11

B12,B13,B14,B15 and B9_INV are beyond limit of 0.95.The voltage of
those buses is lower than nominal operating conditions.
Bus 39 and buses close to it
Bus 9 and buses close to it
 Explanation
The maintenance of constant voltage at the two ends requires reactive power
control as the line loading is increased. So there is a relative need of reactive
power in the bus 9. Because of that buses near the BUS 9 also feel scarcity of
reactive power. BUS 39 and buses closer to it such as BUS 1,BUS 2 supply the
reactive power. As a result their overall voltage rating increases to unity. But
the reactive power which is relatively has been feeding to the BUS 9 and buses
closes to them such as BUS 5,6,7,8 etc. As a result their voltage decreased from
unity and dropped down from nominal value of 0.95 pu. Although DC
converter station requires reactive power related to the power transmitted, the
DC line itself does not require any reactive power.
Comparison of voltage of the buses closure to BUS 9
Bus V sol (pu) V sol (pu)
Before adding HVDC After adding HVDC

4 0.953 0.915
5 0.952 0.899
6 0.953 0.903
7 0.945 0.874
8 0.946 0.864
9 1.008 0.783

Voltage of bus 4 to 9 drops from 0.95 to lesser value. Most

significant change has been found in BUS 9
Comparison of voltage of the buses closure to BUS 39
Bus V sol (pu) V sol (pu)
Before adding HVDC After adding HVDC

1 1.036 1.006

2 1.018
1
39 1.03 1.03

Voltage of the buses close to BUS 39 increases

 Branch Table Problems
kV Q P. Factor I angle P losses Q losses
ID Bus From Bus To DBase ID Type Length P [MW] S [MVA] I [pu]
Nominal [MVAR] [%] [deg] [MW] [MVAR]

L5 3 4 L5 Line 345 142.8 123.62 217.73 250.37 49.4 2.591 -60.3 0.94 -4.23

L10 5 8 L10 Line 345 75.1 84.1 266.08 279.05 30.1 3.105 -72.8 0.81 -0.23

L11 6 7 L11 Line 345 61.7 185.35 274.22 330.99 56 3.664 -55.9 0.82 3.71

L14 8 9 L14 Line 345 243.3 -488.18 280.4 562.98 -86.7 6.515 -151 9.96 132.14

L20 15 16 L20 Line 345 63 -327.04 -228 398.67 -82 4.203 145.9 1.56 0.44

Line no. 5,10, 11,14,20 are burdened with reactive power flow of more than 200
MVAR
 DC Line Table

Bus DBase DC Commut. X Commut. X

ID Bus To
From ID Current (Rectifier) (Inverter)

B39_R
DC1 B9_INV DC1 1000 2.83 2.83
EC

PF PF DC Voltage DC Voltage DC Power DC Power AC Volt

ID AC Volt (Inverter)
(Rectifier) (Inverter) (Rectifier) (Inverter) (Rectifier) (Inverter) (Rectifier)

DC1 0.93 0.96 501 500 501 500 102 77.2

P to Q to P to Q to P from P from Q from

Q from Network
ID Converter Converter Converter Converter Network Network Network
(Rectifier)
(Rectifier) (Rectifier) (Inverter) (Inverter) (Rectifier) (Inverter) (Inverter)

DC1 501 177 -499 117 502 196 -498 148

UNDERLOADED TRANSFORMERS ( WITHIN 50 %)

ID Bus From Bus To Power Flow - [MVA] Loading Limit - [MVA]

T01 12 11 36.009 150

T02 12 13 52.878 150

T03 6 31 283.952 350

T12 19 20 122.585 500

 Summary
Summary Data Active Power Reactive Power

Total generation 6184.313 2362.987

Spinning reserve 9205.688

Static Load 6097.1 1408.9

Total load 6097.1 1408.9

Line / cable losses 60.508 -72.786

Transformer losses 24.676 732.904

Total losses 86.184 954.119

Total losses of the system in case of active power is 86.184 MW

and in case of reactive power is 954.119 MVAR
 After INDUCTION MOTOR ADDITION
Bus Table
Bus ID kV Base Vmin - [pu] Vmax - [pu] V sol - [pu] Ang sol - [deg]

3 345 0.95 1.05 0.874 -31.2

4 345 0.95 1.05 0.828 -23.4

5 345 0.95 1.05 0.817 -16.4

6 345 0.95 1.05 0.827 -14.9

7 345 0.95 1.05 0.787 -16.6

8 345 0.95 1.05 0.773 -16.5

9 345 0.95 1.05 0.651 4.9

B9_INV 100 0.95 1.05 0.637 9.8

10 345 0.95 1.05 0.862 -14.2

 Bus Table
Bus ID kV Base Vmin - [pu] Vmax - [pu] V sol - [pu] Ang sol - [deg]
11 345 0.95 1.05 0.849 -14.5
12 138 0.95 1.05 0.83 -15.3
13 345 0.95 1.05 0.857 -16
14 345 0.95 1.05 0.854 -20.4
15 345 0.95 1.05 0.898 -24.6
16 345 0.95 1.05 0..935 -24.3
17 345 0.95 1.05 0.924 -27
18 345 0.95 1.05 0.903 -29.1
345
24 0.95 1.05 0.948 -24.2

27 345 0.95 1.05 0.945 -27.9

From the table we can see that Bus No. 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16,17,18, 24 and 27 are
outside the voltage limit which is at Under Voltage condition.
 Branch Table

P Q
kV P. loss loss
Bus DBase Q S I angle
ID Bus To Type Nomina Length P [MW] Factor I [pu] es es
From ID [MVAR] [MVA] [deg]
l [%] [M [MV
W] AR]

6.8
L3 2 3 L3 Line 345 101.2 456.37 515.43 688.43 66.3 7.163 -75.4 57.8
2
4.3 55.5
L5 3 4 L5 Line 345 142.8 442.34 239.26 502.9 -88 5.751 177.2
7 5
1.5 17.7
L9 5 6 L9 Line 345 17.4 687.67 -243.03 729.35 -94.3 8.924 144.2
9 4
1.2
L10 5 8 L10 Line 345 75.1 40.23 316.89 319.43 12.6 3.908 -99.1 8.3
7
1.5 16.2
L11 6 7 L11 Line 345 61.7 236.67 342.17 416.04 56.9 5.031 -70.2
4 8
0.5 -
L12 6 11 L12 Line 345 55 -81.59 -220.99 235.58 -34.6 2.849 95.4
5 3.35
0.3 -
L13 7 8 L13 Line 345 30.8 1.33 241.89 241.89 0.5 3.073 106.3
8 0.31
 Branch Table
kV Q P. P
Bus DBase P S I angle Q losses
ID Bus To Type Nomin Length [MVAR Factor I [pu] losses [MVAR]
From ID [MW] [MVA] [deg]
al ] [%] [MW]

L14 8 9 L14 Line 345 243.3 482.09 374.79 610.64 -78.9 7.901 158.7 14.61 212.43

L16 10 11 L16 Line 345 28.8 107.3 253.31 275.09 39 3.19 -81.2 0.41 -0.88

-
L20 15 16 L20 Line 345 63 -76.94 358.17 -21.5 3.987 77.8 1.38 0.02
349.81
-
L24 16 24 L24 Line 345 39.5 -41.11 209.44 -19.6 2.24 77 0.15 -3.15
205.37
L25 17 18 L25 Line 345 55 390.88 206.44 442.04 88.4 4.784 -54.8 1.62 7.99

-
L27 21 22 L27 Line 345 93 601.84 651.6 -92.4 6.807 135.9 3.61 39.07
249.74

From the branch table we can see that Line No. 3,5,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,20,24,25,27 gives the
passage of reactive power of more than 200 MVAR.
 Transformer Table
OVERLOADED
TRANSFORMERS
(WITHIN 100 %)
Loading Limit - Emergency Loading
ID Bus From Bus To Power Flow - [MVA]
[MVA] Limit - [MVA]
T03 6 31 926.699 700 1050
UNDERLOADED
TRANSFORMERS

(WITHIN 50 %)
Loading Limit -
ID Bus From Bus To Power Flow - [MVA]
[MVA]
T01 12 11 43.143 150

T02 12 13 55.37 150

T12 19 20 128.996 500

Here,we can see that Transformer T03 is at overloaded condition and T01,T02 and T12 is at
underloaded condition
 Generator Table

ID Bus From P Gen - [MW] Q Gen - [MVAR] Q Min - [MVAR] Q Max - [MVAR]

G3 32 650 448.06 -192 448

From the above table,we can see that the reactive power of Generator G03 is 448.06
MVAR which is outside the reactive power limit.
 Summary

Summary Data Active Power Reactive Power

Total generation 7031.604 3680.44

Spinning reserve 8358.396
Static Load 6097.1 1408.9
Motor loads 800 387.458
Total load 6897.1 1796.358
Line / cable losses 96.047 458.08
Transformer losses 35.378 1132.419
Total losses 132.422 1884.499
 Explanation behind the increasing of active generation

Transformer no. 3(T03) is overloaded dangerously as the real power flowing through it
is about 144.33 MW higher than its rating (700 MVA). T03 is directly connected to
Swing Generator bus (BUS NO. 31). And at BUS 31 only T03 is connected and no other
element except the swing generator is connected. Therefore, the real power
imbalances supplied by the swing generator is directly flowing through the
Transformer 03(T03). Therefore, we have planned to increase the active GENERATION
of the remaining 9 generators so that real power imbalance (844.33 MW) supplied by
the swing generator will be less than before. And thereby, T03 will not be overloaded.
Therefore, we have decided to increase the active generation of each generator
(except the swing generator) by 15 MW.
 After Active Generation Increase
Bus table

Bus ID Zone kV Base Vmin - [pu] Vmax - [pu] V sol - [pu]

3 0 345 0.95 1.05 0.886

4 0 345 0.95 1.05 0.851

5 0 345 0.95 1.05 0.844

6 0 345 0.95 1.05 0.853

7 0 345 0.95 1.05 0.817

8 0 345 0.95 1.05 0.804

9 0 345 0.95 1.05 0.701

B9_INV 0 100 0.95 1.05 0.688

 Bus table

Bus ID Zone kV Base Vmin - [pu] Vmax - [pu] V sol - [pu]

10 0 345 0.95 1.05 0.886
11 0 345 0.95 1.05 0.874
12 0 138 0.95 1.05 0.855
13 0 345 0.95 1.05 0.881
14 0 345 0.95 1.05 0.876
15 0 345 0.95 1.05 0.91
16 0 345 0.95 1.05 0.942
17 0 345 0.95 1.05 0.931
18 0 345 0.95 1.05 0.912

Here, we can notice that Bus No. 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16,17 and 18 are outside the
voltage limit which is at Under Voltage condition and the Bus No. 36 is at Over Voltage
condition.
 Branch Table
Q
kV Q P. P
Bus DBase P S I angle losses
ID Bus To Type Nomin Length [MVAR Factor I [pu] losses
From ID [MW] [MVA] [deg] [MVAR
al ] [%] [MW]
]
L3 2 3 L3 Line 345 101.2 501.87 473.05 689.67 72.8 7.142 -63.6 6.77 56.79
-
L9 5 6 L9 Line 345 17.4 609.36 652.36 -93.4 7.729 146.2 1.19 12.38
232.93
L10 5 8 L10 Line 345 75.1 45.93 290.6 294.21 15.6 3.486 -93.9 1.01 4.06

L11 6 7 L11 Line 345 61.7 227.67 316.7 390.04 58.4 4.574 -66 1.27 11.7
-
L12 6 11 L12 Line 345 55 151.82 257.71 -58.9 3.022 114.4 0.62 -3.1
208.25
L14 8 9 L14 Line 345 243.3 484.78 333.21 588.25 -82.4 7.313 158.6 12.53 177.17

L16 10 11 L16 Line 345 28.8 172.16 241.77 296.8 58 3.349 -64.9 0.46 -0.75

L20 15 16 L20 Line 345 63 144.28 -300.3 333.16 -43.3 3.661 97.1 1.16 -2.53
-
L27 21 22 L27 Line 345 93 619.29 661.72 -93.6 6.881 144.4 3.7 40.38
233.12

Here,Line No. 3,9,10,11,12,14,16,20,27 gives the passage of reactive power of more

than 200 MVAR.
 Transformer
OVERLOADED
TRANSFORMERS
(WITHIN 100 %)
Loading Limit - Emergency Loading
ID Bus From Bus To Power Flow - [MVA]
[MVA] Limit - [MVA]
T03 6 31 772.205 700 1050

UNDERLOADED
TRANSFORMERS
(WITHIN 50 %)
Loading Limit -
ID Bus From Bus To Power Flow - [MVA]
[MVA]
T01 12 11 41.127 150

T02 12 13 52.957 150

T12 19 20 98.217 500

Here Transformer T03 is at overloaded condition and T01,T02 and T12 is at underloaded condition.
 Dc Line Report

Commut. Commut. DC DC DC
D PF
Bus DC X X PF Voltage Voltage Power DC Power
ID Bus To (Inverter
From Base ID Current (Rectifier (Inverter (Rectifier) (Rectifier (Inverter (Rectifier (Inverter)
)
) ) ) ) )

DC1 B39_REC B9_INV DC1 999 2.83 2.83 0.93 0.95 502 501 501 500

From the above DC Line Report we can see that he DC bus voltages are 502(at rectifier), 501(at
inverter), DC power flow 501(at rectifier), 500(at inverter).
 Dc Line Report
P to Q to P to Q to
P from Q from P from Q from
D AC Volt AC Volt Convert Convert Convert Convert
Bus Network Network Network Network
ID Bus To (Rectifie (Inverter er er er er
From Base ID (Rectifie (Rectifie (Inverter (Inverter
r) ) (Rectifie (Rectifie (Inverter (Inverter
r) r) ) )
r) r) ) )

DC1 B39_REC B9_INV DC1 102 68.8 501 177 -498 117 502 196 -497 156

Here the power to converter (at rectifier) is 501, power to converter (at inverter) is
-498, power from network (at rectifier) is 502, power from network( at inverter) is
-497.
 Summary

Summary Data Active Power Reactive Power

Total generation 7020.881 3442.946

Spinning reserve 8369.119
Static Load 6097.1 1408.9
Motor loads 800 387.458
Total load 6897.1 1796.358
Line / cable losses 88.161 322.072
Transformer losses 32.977 1030.774
Total losses 122.135 1646.846
 DISTRIBUTED SWING

The operating strategy traditionally has been to allow one

generation to deviate from the schedule to improve the resulting
operation. This generation is called the swing generation.
Allotting this excess power to a single generator can prove
unacceptable if the deviation from the desired value is large.
BUS VOLTAGE IMPROVEMENT COMPARISON
Bus ID Voltage Before Voltage After
Distributed Swing(p.u) Distributed Swing(p.u)
10 0.886 0.896
11 0.874 0.884
12 0.855 0.865
13 0.881 0.891
14 0.876 0.885
15 0.91 0.915
16 0.942 0.944
17 0.931 0.934
18 0.912 0.915
3 0.886 0.891
4 0.851 0.861
5 0.844 0.855
6 0.853 0.864
7 0.817 0.829
8 0.804 0.817
9 0.701 0.719
9_INV 0.688 0.707
36 1.064 1.064
 Generator

Q
kV P. Ctrld
DBase Rated S Generat Q max. Q min. Ctrled
ID Bus ID Nomina P [MW] S [MVA] Factor I [pu] Bus/V
ID [MVA] or Type [MVAR] [MVA [MVAR] BusID
l [%] [pu]
R]

G2 31 G2 700 16.5 SW 0 500.56 500.56 0 5.097 392 -168 31 0.982

Previously, the swing generator was supplying real power more than its rated
value. Now If Pgen=0 MW is entered at a swing bus, then the program will
reschedule its generation.
 Distributed Swing Report

ID P Desired [MW] P calculated [MW]

G10 815 830.29

G3 665 677.48
G4 647 659.14
G5 269 548.09
G6 665 677.48
G7 575 585.79
G8 555 565.41
G9 845 860.86
G1 1015 1034.05

Large values are input to reflect the large power capacity of the swing
bus.
 Line MVAR
UNDERLOADED LINES &
       
CABLES ( WITHIN 50 %)
ID Bus From Bus To Power Flow - [pu] Loading Limit - [pu]
L10 5 8 3.353 4.482
L20 15 16 3.68 4.482
L30 25 26 0.257 4.482
L11 6 7 4.392 4.482
L31 26 27 2.964 4.482
L12 6 11 3.312 4.482
L32 26 28 1.689 4.482
L13 7 8 2.589 4.482
L23 16 21 3.971 4.482
L33 26 29 2.166 4.482
L24 16 24 2.103 4.482
L34 28 29 3.637 4.482
L16 10 11 3.604 4.482
L26 17 27 1.323 4.482
L28 22 23 0.387 4.482
L19 14 15 2.171 4.482
L29 23 24 3.91 4.482
L4 2 25 3.225 4.482
L5 3 4 3.962 4.482
L6 3 18 3.381 4.482
L8 4 14 4.12 4.482

So here we can’t say any improvement or degradation in VAR flowing, rather it just
distributed accordingly to rated apparent power and calculated real power.
 STATIC VAR COMPENSATION:
STEP-1(SVC-1 at Bus No. 3 Addition):

• From the standpoint of logical intuition, it is decided to append a static VAR

compensator element to bus 3 where 10 industrial induction motor loads are already
attached.
• The industrial induction motor loads are at 0.9 lagging power factor and with a 90
percent efficiency level. Therefore, they consume a considerable amount of reactive
power and thereby play a vital role in increasing the reactive current component in the
power system network line.

• As, we know the effect of line loss and line voltage drop are rendered severe due to this
reactive current component in the lines of the power network, it is imperative that this
lagging reactive power flow and flow of reactive component of the current in the lines
be mitigated with great care.
 STATIC VAR COMPENSATION:
STEP-1(SVC-1 at Bus No. 3 Addition):

• we have noticed that the per unit voltage level at bus no. 3 is 0.891 and line no. 3 (L3) has gone into bus 3.
• The Reactive power flowing through the line is 455.86 MVAR.
• So, we have appended a STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR with Q-max of 456 and Q-min of -456 MVAR at bus 3.
 STATIC VAR COMPENSATION:
STEP-1(SVC-1 at Bus No. 3 Addition):

Bus voltage improvement after SVC-1 Addition:

 STATIC VAR COMPENSATION:
STEP-1(SVC-1 at Bus No. 3 Addition):

• LINE MVAR IMPROVEMENT COMPARISION (AFTER SVC_1 ADDITION)

We can see line MVAR is reduced in those line mentioned in the table above.
->The lines L9,L13,L27 which are highlighted with yellow color are improved
in terms of their MVAR and they are now within limit.
->And the other lines L3,L10,L11,L14,L16,L20 which are highlighted with red
color are improved in terms of MVAR but they are still outside limit.
 STATIC VAR COMPENSATION:
STEP-1(SVC-1 at Bus No. 3 Addition):

After the inclusion of SVC1.

• No transformer was overloaded .
• No generator was at reactive limit and
overloaded .
• No line was burdened with current limit
violation.
 STEP-2(SVC-2 at Bus No. 9 Addition):

From the above table,

-> we can see that bus no. 9 is heavily affected by line losses and voltage
drop in the lines due to reactive current component.
-> Though bus no. 8 is burdened by more line MVAR, its voltage is not as
bad as that of bus no. 9
-> It is because bus no. 8 is absorbing 466.23 MVAR as well as giving away
293.04 MVAR to bus no. 9. So our focus is on bus no. 9.
-> So, we have appended a STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR (SVC_2) with Q-max
of 294 and Q-min of -294 MVAR at bus no. 9.
 STEP-2(SVC-2 at Bus No. 9 Addition):
BUS VOLTAGE IMPROVEMENT COMPARISON (AFTER SVC_2 ADDITION)
 STEP-2(SVC-2 at Bus No. 9 Addition):
LINE MVAR IMPROVEMENT COMPARISION (AFTER SVC_2 ADDITION)

After addition of second Static VAR Compensator at bus no. 9, we can see
->line MVAR is reduced in those line mentioned above in the table.
->The lines L3,L5,L27 which are highlighted with yellow color are improved
in terms of their MVAR and they are now within limit.
->The line L20 which are highlighted with red color are improved in terms
of MVAR but they are still outside limit.
-> And the MVARs are heavily reduced in the rest of the lines mentioned
above in the table.
 STEP-2(SVC-2 at Bus No. 9 Addition):

After the inclusion of SVC2.

• No transformer was overloaded .
• No generator was at reactive limit and
overloaded .
• No line was burdened with current limit
violation.
 STEP-3(SVC-3 at Bus No. 4 Addition):

From the above table, it is noticed that

->bus no. 12 has the lowest per unit voltage but the lines associated with it are
carrying 88 MVAR reactive powers. But bus no. 4 is not far good than bus no.
12
-> additionally the line associated with it is carrying 193.5 MVAR reactive
power which is roughly 2 times higher than case in bus no. 12.
->This relatively high MVAR is essentially affecting the voltages of adjacent
buses of bus no. 4 (i.e. bus no. 5, 6, 7, 8) in an adverse way.
-> So, we have appended a STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR (SVC_3) with Q-max of
194 and Q-min of -194 MVAR at bus no. 4.
 STEP-3(SVC-3 at Bus No. 4 Addition):
BUS VOLTAGE IMPROVEMENT COMPARISON (AFTER SVC3 ADDITION)
 STEP-3(SVC-3 at Bus No. 4 Addition):
LINE MVAR IMPROVEMENT COMPARISION (AFTER SVC3 ADDITION)

After addition of third Static VAR Compensator at bus no. 4, we can see
-> line MVAR is reduced in those line mentioned above in the table.
->The lines L20,,L27 which are highlighted with yellow color are improved in terms
of their MVAR and they are now within limit
-> No line is outside limit.
 STEP-3(SVC-3 at Bus No. 4 Addition):

After the inclusion of SVC3.

• No transformer was overloaded .
• No generator was at reactive limit and
overloaded .
• No line was burdened with current limit
violation.
 STEP-4 (SVC-4 at Bus No. 12 Addition):

Here we can observe that

->bus no. 12 has the lowest voltage in per unit and the lines associated
with it are carrying the highest MVAR of 88.
->So the next target should be bus 12.
->Therefore, we have decided to append the next static VAR compensator
SVC_4 at bus 12 with Q-max of 88 and Q-min of -88 MVAR.
 STEP-4 (SVC-4 at Bus No. 12 Addition):
BUS VOLTAGE IMPROVEMENT COMPARISON (AFTER SVC_4 ADDITION)
 STEP-4 (SVC-4 at Bus No. 12 Addition):
LINE MVAR IMPROVEMENT COMPARISION (AFTER SVC_4 ADDITION)

After addition of fourth Static VAR Compensator at bus no. 12, we can see
->line MVAR is reduced in those line mentioned above in the table.
->The lines L20,L27 which are highlighted with yellow color are improved
in terms of their MVAR but their MVARs are greater than 150.
-> And the MVARs are less than 100 in the rest of the lines mentioned
above in the table.
 STEP-4 (SVC-4 at Bus No. 12 Addition):

After the inclusion of SVC4.

• No transformer was overloaded .
• No generator was at reactive limit and
overloaded .
• No line was burdened with current limit
violation.
 STEP-5 (SVC_3 and SVC_4 ADJUSTMENT)
After appending SVC_4 at bus 12,
->we have noticed that the voltages at bus 7 and 8 are yet to be within the safe voltage
limit. Literally they are at a stone’s throw from the desired voltage limit namely both are
with 0.949 per unit.

->So adding another SVC would seem less efficient and costly. Therefore we have decided
to increase the positive and negative reactive limits of the existing static VAR
compensators by a necessary amount. Here we have followed some randomized guessing.

->And finally we have increased the Q-max and Q-min of SVC_3 to +215 and -215 MVAR.
Likewise, we have also increased the Q-max and Q-min of SVC_4 to +90 and -90 MVAR.
 STEP-5 (SVC_3 and SVC_4 ADJUSTMENT):
BUS VOLTAGE IMPROVEMENT LINE MVAR IMPROVEMENT
 STATIC VAR COMPENSATION
ALL THE SVCs SHOWN TOGETHER
ABNORMAL REPORT
ABNORMAL REPORT
STATIC VAR COMPENSATION
SUMMARY REPORT
 SHUNT CAPACITOR COMPENSATION:
STEP-1(SC-1 at Bus No. 3 Addition):

From the aforementioned extracted sections of our previous informative tables in

the point of distributed swing application, we have noticed that
-> the per unit voltage level at bus no. 3 is 0.891 and line no. 3 (L3) has gone into
bus 3.
->The Reactive power flowing through the line is 455.86 MVAR. So, we have
appended a SHUNT CAPACITOR with Q-RATING of 456 MVAR
 SHUNT CAPACITOR COMPENSATION:
STEP-1(SC-1 at Bus No. 3 Addition):
BUS VOLTAGE IMPROVEMENT COMPARISON (AFTER SC_1 ADDITION)
 SHUNT CAPACITOR COMPENSATION:
STEP-1(SC-1 at Bus No. 3 Addition):
LINE MVAR IMPROVEMENT COMPARISION (AFTER SC_1 ADDITION)

After addition of first Shunt Capacitor at bus no. 3, we can see

-> line MVAR is reduced in those line mentioned in the table above.
->The lines L9,L13,L27 which are highlighted with yellow color are improved
in terms of their MVAR and they are now within limit.
-> And the other lines L3,L10,L11,L14,L16,L20 which are highlighted with
red color are improved in terms of MVAR but they are still outside limit.
 STEP-1(SC-1 at Bus No. 3 Addition):

After the inclusion of SC1.

• No transformer was overloaded .
• No generator was at reactive limit and
overloaded .
• No line was burdened with current limit
violation.
 STEP-2(SC-2 at Bus No. 9 Addition):

From the above table, we can see that

-> bus no. 9 is heavily affected by line losses and voltage drop in the lines due to
reactive current component.
-> Though bus no. 8 is burdened by more line MVAR, its voltage is not as bad as
that of bus no. 9.
-> It is because bus no. 8 is absorbing 468.57 MVAR as well as giving away 295.12
MVAR to bus no. 9.
-> So our focus is on bus no. 9. So, we have appended a SHUNT CAPACITOR (SC_2)
with Q-RATING of 296 MVAR at bus no. 9.
 STEP-2(SC-2 at Bus No. 9 Addition):
BUS VOLTAGE IMPROVEMENT COMPARISON (AFTER SC_2 ADDITION)
 STEP-2(SC-2 at Bus No. 9 Addition):
LINE MVAR IMPROVEMENT COMPARISION (AFTER SC_2 ADDITION)

After addition of second Shunt Capacitor at bus no. 9, we can see

-> line MVAR is reduced in those line mentioned in the table above.
->The lines L3,L27 which are highlighted with yellow color are
improved in terms of their MVAR and they are now within limit but
their MVAR is greater than 150.
->The other lines are heavily improved in terms of their MVARs and
their value is less than 100.
 STEP-2(SC-2 at Bus No. 9 Addition):

After the inclusion of SC2.

• No transformer was overloaded .
• No generator was at reactive limit and
overloaded .
• No line was burdened with current limit
violation.
 STEP-3(SC-3 at Bus No. 4 Addition):

From the above table, it is noticed that

-> bus no. 12 has the lowest per unit voltage but the lines associated with it are
carrying 88 MVAR reactive powers.
->But bus no. 4 is not far good than bus no. 12 and additionally the line associated
with it is carrying 187.54 MVAR reactive power which is roughly 2 times higher than
the case in bus no. 12.
->This relatively high MVAR is essentially affecting the voltages of adjacent buses of
bus no. 4 (i.e. bus no. 5, 6, 7, 8) in an adverse way.
->So, we have appended a SHUNT CAPACITOR (SC_3) with Q-RATING of 188 MVAR at
bus no. 4.
 STEP-3(SC-3 at Bus No. 4 Addition):
BUS VOLTAGE IMPROVEMENT COMPARISON (AFTER SC_3 ADDITION)
 STEP-3(SC-3 at Bus No. 4 Addition):
LINE MVAR IMPROVEMENT COMPARISION (AFTER SC_3 ADDITION)

After addition of third Static VAR Compensator at bus no. 4, we can see
-> line MVAR is reduced in those line mentioned in the table above.
->The lines L20,L27 which are highlighted with yellow color are
improved in terms of their MVAR and they are now within limit.
-> And the other lines which are not highlighted but we are focusing are
within limit and their value is less than 150.
 STEP-3(SC-3 at Bus No. 4 Addition):

After the inclusion of SC3.

• No transformer was overloaded .
• No generator was at reactive limit and
overloaded .
• No line was burdened with current limit
violation.
 STEP-4 (SC-4 at Bus No. 12 Addition):

Here we can observe that

-> bus no. 12 has the lowest voltage in per unit and the lines associated with it
are carrying the highest MVAR of 88.
->So the next target should be bus 12.
->Therefore, we have decided to append the next SHUNT CAPACITOR SC_4 at
bus 12 with Q-RATING of 88 MVAR.
 STEP-4 (SC-4 at Bus No. 12 Addition):
BUS VOLTAGE IMPROVEMENT COMPARISON (AFTER SC_4 ADDITION)
 STEP-4 (SC-4 at Bus No. 12 Addition):
LINE MVAR IMPROVEMENT COMPARISION (AFTER SC_4 ADDITION)

After addition of fourth Shunt Capacitor at bus no. 12, we can see
-> line MVAR is reduced in those line mentioned in the table above.
->The line L20 which is highlighted with yellow color is improved in
terms of its MVAR and it is within limit but greater than 150.
-> And the other lines which are not highlighted but focused are within
limit.
 STEP-4 (SC-4 at Bus No. 12 Addition):

After the inclusion of SC4.

• No transformer was overloaded .
• No generator was at reactive limit and
overloaded .
• No line was burdened with current limit
violation.
 STEP-4 (SC-4 at Bus No. 12 Addition):
ALL SHUNT CAPACITORS SHOWN TOGETHER
STEP-4 (SC-4 at Bus No. 12 Addition):
ABORMAL REPORT
STEP-4 (SC-4 at Bus No. 12 Addition):
ABORMAL REPORT
STEP-4 (SC-4 at Bus No. 12 Addition):
Thank You