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Stokes Theorem

Stoke's theorem relates line integrals around closed curves to surface integrals over surfaces bounded by those curves. It can be written as the integral of the curl of a vector field over a surface S equals the line integral of that vector field around the boundary curve C of S. Green's theorem in the plane is a special case of Stoke's theorem. The divergence theorem relates the surface integral of a vector field over a closed surface S to the volume integral of the divergence of that field over the volume V enclosed by S. It is useful for problems involving fluid flow and electric fields. Several examples are given to illustrate applying Stoke's theorem and the divergence theorem to evaluate line and surface integrals.

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Srinadh Palavalasa
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251 views35 pages

Stokes Theorem

Stoke's theorem relates line integrals around closed curves to surface integrals over surfaces bounded by those curves. It can be written as the integral of the curl of a vector field over a surface S equals the line integral of that vector field around the boundary curve C of S. Green's theorem in the plane is a special case of Stoke's theorem. The divergence theorem relates the surface integral of a vector field over a closed surface S to the volume integral of the divergence of that field over the volume V enclosed by S. It is useful for problems involving fluid flow and electric fields. Several examples are given to illustrate applying Stoke's theorem and the divergence theorem to evaluate line and surface integrals.

Uploaded by

Srinadh Palavalasa
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STOKE’s Theorem: (Relation between line and surface integrals)

If S is an open surface bounded by a closed


  curve C
(continuously differentiable vector point function)
=>
where is a unit external normal at any point of S.
i.e.,
•By  writing, , Stoke’s theorem may be reduced to the form,
•NOTE:
  Green’s theorem in a plane can be considered as a special case
of Stoke’s theorem.
Infact, if is a vector function which is continuously differentiable in a
region S of the xy-plane bounded by a closed curve C, then,

and
Hence Stoke’s theorem takes the form
which is Green’s theorem in a plane.
Example: Verify Stoke’s theorem for taken around the rectangle bounded by the lines
 
.

•Solution:
  Let ABCD be the rectangle (shown in the figure)
 Along AB, and y varies from 0 to b.

Similarly,

Thus …………………………………(*)
•Now
 

…………………(**)
From (*) and (**), Stoke’s theorem is verified.
Example: Verify Stoke’s theorem for , where S is the upper half
 
surface of the sphere and C is its boundary.

•Solution:
  Let R be the projection of S on the xy-plane.
The boundary C of S is a circle in the xy-plane of radius one and center
at the origin.
Let x=cos t, y=sin t, z=0, .
Then

………(*)
•   Now,

=>

(where R is the projection of S on the xy-plane).


•But
 

……………………………….(**)

From (*) and (**), Stoke’s theorem is verified.


Example: Using the Stoke’s theorem evaluate
where C is the boundary of the triangle with vertices (2, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0)
 and (0, 0, 6).

•Solution:
 

.
  Equation of the plane(triangle) through the given vertices is
=>
•Normal
  N to this plane is .
• 
Hence
,
(where S is the triangle)

.
Example: Apply Stoke’s theorem to evaluate where C is the curve
 of intersection of and .
•Solution:
  The curve is the circle on the plane , having (a, 0, 0) and (0, 0,
a) as the extremities of the diameter.
• 
Hence
,
where S is the circle and .

(ds
Volume Integral

•Let
  F(R) be a continuous vector function and S be the surface enclosing a
region E.
Divide E into a finite number of sub-regions .
Let be the volume of the sub-region enclosing any point whose position
vector is
•of  F(R) over E.
i.e.,
Let and .
Gauss Divergence Theorem
(Relation between surface and Volume integrals)

•If  F is a continuously differentiable vector function in the region E


bounded by the closed surface S, then,
.Nds = , where N is the unit external normal vector.
.e., the surface integral of the normal component of a vector F taken
over a closed surface
If then by Gauss Divergence Theorem, we have,
+
Physical Significance of the Divergence Theorem:

Let v be the velocity of a moving fluid at any point.


• 
Volume of the fluid crossing the dS in seconds
= volume contained in cylinder of base dS and slant height
=

=> volume per second of fluid crossing dS =


Total volume per second of fluid emerging from surface S =
•   is the volume per second of fluid emerging from a volume
Now
element dV.

Hence, the total volume per second of fluid emerging from all volume
elements in S is

=>
Example: Verify divergence theorem for
  taken over the rectangular parallelepiped
•Solution:
 
.
• 

……………………………..(*)
• 
Now, .Nds =.Nds.Nds+…….+.Nds
(where are respectively the faces OAC’B, CB’PA’, OBA’C, AC’PB’, OCB’A
and BAP’C’)
• 
Similarly,
,
and

 
Thus ……………………….(**)

Equality in (*) and (**) implies the verification of the divergence


theorem.
Example:
 
Evaluate where and S is the surface of the cube bounded by

•Solution:
 
By the divergence theorem,
Example: Evaluate where and S is the surface bounding the region and
 
Solution:
•   divergence theorem,
By

(by taking )
Example:
 
Evaluate where S is the surface of the sphere in the first octant.

Solution:
• 
• The surface OABC is comprised of 4 surfaces, namely

• -> circular quadrant OBC in the yz-plane,

• -> circular quadrant OCA in the zx-plane,

• -> circular quadrant OAB in the xy-plane,

• S-> surface ABC of the sphere in the first octant.

• We have .
•   divergence theorem,
By
=.ds.ds+.ds +.ds ………………………….(*)

For the surface


Hence .
Hence (1) becomes
0 = .ds =>
Example: Evaluate where S is a closed surface.
 
•Solution:
  By the divergence theorem,

, where V is the volume enclosed by S.


Example: Prove that
 
•Solution:
  In the divergence theorem, let , where C is a constant.
Then
Since and
Hence

C is arbitrary =>
Example: Prove using the divergence theorem that
 
•Soluton:
  Let in the divergence theorem. Then

But
Thus
………………………(1)
•Interchanging
  and in (1),
…………………..(2)

Subtracting (2) from (1), we have

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