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Miss Rabia Najam: Nuclear PHYSICS Presentation Submitted To

This document provides an overview of various topics in nuclear physics presented by Neha for her BSc course. It discusses nuclear cross section, fission and fusion reactions, nuclear reactors, nucleosynthesis, disintegration, and half-life. Key points covered include the definition of nuclear cross section and its dependence on particle energy and type; the fission of uranium-235 and fusion requiring extremely high temperatures; components of nuclear reactors like fuel, moderator, and control rods; and the three types of radioactive decay and their characteristics.

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Wajeeha Iftikhar
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88 views13 pages

Miss Rabia Najam: Nuclear PHYSICS Presentation Submitted To

This document provides an overview of various topics in nuclear physics presented by Neha for her BSc course. It discusses nuclear cross section, fission and fusion reactions, nuclear reactors, nucleosynthesis, disintegration, and half-life. Key points covered include the definition of nuclear cross section and its dependence on particle energy and type; the fission of uranium-235 and fusion requiring extremely high temperatures; components of nuclear reactors like fuel, moderator, and control rods; and the three types of radioactive decay and their characteristics.

Uploaded by

Wajeeha Iftikhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Nuclear PHYSICS Presentation

Submitted to: MISS RABIA NAJAM

▪ Nuclear Physics Presentation


Topics:
1. Nuclear cross section ▪ NEHA
2. Fission & Fusion reaction ▪ Seat # H1821092
3. Nuclear reactor
4. Nucleosynthesis ▪ B.Sc. (Hons) 2nd year
5. Half life ▪ Nuclear physis (414)
7. Disintegration
NUCLEAR CROSS SECTION
▪ Nuclear
  cross section or interaction cross section is area around the nucleus facing the
incident particle within which the incident particle will lead to an interaction with the
nucleus … σ= (Unit: 1 Barn = 1b= = 100 fm
▪ It is probability of occurrence of nuclear reaction it
▪ depends upon kind of particle incident on it

the energy of incident particle


• Area may be =, >,< size of nucleus based on nature of nuclear reaction.
• σ α reaction or interaction
Application or significance of nuclear Cross section:(to find out)
 How many particle will strike target nucleus.
 How number of particle in penetrating material decrease.
 The probability of occurrence of nuclear reaction
FISSION REACION:

 Nuclear reaction in which heavy nucleus split into lighter and nucleus with the
emission of energy .( Chain reaction.)
 Rest mass of reactant> Rest mass of product
 Decrease in mass HEAT energy
 92 U 235 56 Ba 141
+ 36 Kr 92
+ 3 1
n0 + 200 Mev
 Application or Uses:
 Used to generate electricity through high energy ( heat energy)
 Give Isotopes and neutrons to use in various field.
 Disadvantage:
Radioactive (deadly radiation)
radioactive waste
FUSION REACTION:
• No way to control ▪ Fusion reaction in which two lighter nuclei combine
to form a heavy nucleus with the release of energy
this occur on the sun and other
• No way to control
plasma ▪ stars at extremely high temperature about 15 x 106
oC and high pressure.
• Heated gas with high
energy ▪ Not possible on earth
▪ Advantages:
▪ No radioactive elements
▪ If so can generate energy like fission
re actors
NUCLEAR REACTOR To utilize high heat energy created in fission
reaction , nuclear reactors set up AN ARRANGMENT OR DEVICE TO GENERATE
ELECTRICITY USING THIS ENERGY

 use heat energy to turn water into steam which which will move the turbine and turbine will move the
shaft of generator and electricity Produce!
 for occurrence of fission reaction a THERMAL NEUTRON with energy = 0.025 ev is needed to strike on
fissionable fuel (to make chain)
 1n0 + 92 U 235 56 Ba 141 + 36 Kr 92 + 31n0 + 200 Mev

 Each secondary neutron has 2Mev energy (fast electron)

1) Nuclear fuel (solid or fluid ThorCon ) ------must be purified fissionable material------ bullets ----rode
2) Moderator (nuclear core fill with it ----must a material of----- LOW ATOMIC NUMBER ----- SLOWING
DOWN POWER HIGH------ABSORPTION CROSS SECTION OF NEUTRON LOW------No material posses all
quality ---- WATER ( SLOW DOWN HIGH BUT ALSO ABSORBTIOON CROSS SECTION HIGH )----
it slows down neutron ---- make thermal
3) control rods (to control chain ) ---- insert --- Absorb neutron--- Safe from explosion ----Material must
be--- Neutron absorption cross section high ---- melting point high------ not become radioactive----
usually use--- BORON --- at low temp---- ADIMUM---At high temp---- SILVER ALLOY( 15% INDIUM , 5 %
CANDIUM ---because of high melting point ----
4) coolant---Heat carrier ---material must be– easy to handle--- Cheap--- Chemicaly Unreactive
5) shielding ------To prevent ---Radiooactive Hazard --- 2,2.5 m concrete wall shielding
Radio active waste----- care ful ------low and high level waste
Properties of these material their function and kind.
APPLICATION :
Electric power , isotopes , neutrons
Disadvantage: Advantage:
Radioactivity free Fossil fuel
Nucleo Synthesis
Process new atomic nuclei create through pre existing nuclei.
Nuclear fussion

 Three types of nucleo synthesis :


 Big bang nuclear synthesis
 After big bang universe. Cooling expansion. Isotopes of hydrogen and
helium ( missing Electron)
 Steller nuclear synthesis
 At the centre of stars. Very high temperature and extreme pressure. Nuclei
form
 Atomic number greater than 5
 Super nova nuclear synthesis.
 iron. Energy not release Star die gravitational contraction
Explosion. Power = 10 28 mega ton bomb Large amount of energy. Time span 100
sec Neutron star black hole Energy release form nuclei greater
than iron e.g gold uranium
Disintegration:
radioactive activity disintegration or radioactive
disintegration synonym for Radioactive decay
▪ Radioactive
  decay occur when atom of unstable combination of proton and neutron tried
to stable itself it may be spontaneous process unstable nucleus become stable by losing
energy, particle or binding energy. unstable atom( PARENT NUCLEI) decay by releasing
particle and energy measured in (number of disintegration per second) and converted to
stable (DAUGHTER NUCLEI). Energy release called Q- value or integration energy.
▪ Probability for per unit decay of nuclei is fix BUT change for every element.
▪ N α (Rate of decay of Atom directly proportional to number of atoms present
▪ the rate of decay of Atom decreases with the increase of Time
▪ graph ( between no of half life and %tage of isotopes of P.N remain) will be exponential
▪ Three types of decay : ( α β γ)
The decay in which parent nucleus release α called α decay release
β is called β decay or emit γ radiation is known as γ decay.

▪ α decay:
▪ β decay:
▪ Two kind ( +ve and –ve)
▪ In +ve:(one neutron converted to Proton
with the release of Antineutrino and
▪ P. nuclear release 2 protonand 2 neutron , helium electron ) 15 Na 32 10 S 32 + e- + v-
nucleus or Alpha particle.
▪ In –ve: (one proton neutron converted to
▪ Z of daughter = Z-2 and A = A-4 neutron release positron and neutrino
▪ U 238 He 4 + 90 Th 234 + E (4.25) element atom get )
92 2

▪ After decay in excited state ▪ 11 Na 22 10 Na 22 + e + v

▪ Energy release divided into D.N and He( He shot ▪ After decay in excited state
out with high v reason of penetration)
γ decay:
 No transmission of nucleon only energy release nuclear energy level transition.
 Only energy release
 Nucleus energy level transition
 No change in Z or A.
 Just excited to ground state emission of radiation
γ rays:
lie above soft X-rays
ƒ = 1019 cycles/s Wave length: 10-12

Comparison of all there types of decay:


1. Nature
2. charge
3. ionization energy
4. penetrating power
5. speed
HALF LIFE (T1/2 )

▪ Rate of decay and half life of a quantity


subject two exponential decay is that
time required for the quantity mass
number of atom or activity to decay to
half of its initial value.
▪ It is a characteristics constant.
▪ It measures the time it takes for a given
amount of the substance to reduced to
half by decay.
HALF LIFE Uses: 1. Archeologist and
geologist use half life to
date the the age of
organic objects in a
process known as carbon
dating.
2. in medical field the
radioactive isotopes
Cobalt 60 has been used
for radiotherapy to shrink
tumor that will later be
surgically removed or to
destroy cancer cells

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