URBANIZATION

IMPACTS
ON
URBAN PLANNING
1.0 Urban

Urban place has non-farm economic activities as most common occupations, has occurred in many places around the world for a very long time in human history. Cities
generally have advanced systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, and transportation. The concentration of development greatly facilitates interaction
between people and businesses, benefiting both parties in the process. A big City or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are usually
associated With metropolitan areas and urban areas, creating numerous business commuters travelling to urban centres of employment. Once a city expands far enough
to reach another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis.

2.0 Urbanization

Introduction
Urbanization refers to general increase in population and the amount of industrialization of a settlement. It includes increase in the number and extent of cities. When the
built- up area of a town or a city extends outwards, these places are enveloped. A country with a functional definition of urban area will then experience a jump in the
level of urbanization.
It symbolizes the movement of people from rural to urban areas. Urbanization happens because of the increase in the extent and density of urban areas. The density of
population in urban areas increases because of the migration of people
from less industrialized regions to more industrialized areas. The level of urbanization in India was 17% in 1950, In 2000 and it will be 46% in 2030. At present, the
population in India is growing at 1.5* annually, whereas cities grow at nearly double the rate, 2.8%.
In a developing country like India urbanization takes pace as a natural consequence of economic changes. urbanization helps to contribute to the growth process at large.

2.1 Causes of Urbanization

Higher standard of living-
Urbanization usually occurs when people move from villages to cines to settle, in hope Of a higher standard of living. This usually takes place in developing countries.
Cities offer opportunities of high living and are known to be places where wealth and money are centralized.
Education-
Most industries and educational institutions are located in cities whereas there are limited opportunities within rural areas. This further contributes to migration to cities.
Circular (labour) migration- Results in permanent movement of the whole families to towns at a later stage.
2.2 Effects of Urbanization
Adverse effects of Urbanization
Many people including farmers who move to cities in search of a better life end up as casual laborers as they lack adequate education. This leads to one of the worst
problems of urbanization • the growth of slums.

Land insecurity
Slums are usually located on land, which are not owned by the slum dwellers. They can be evicted at any time by the landowners.

Poor living conditions Crowding and lack of sanitation are main problems. This contributes to outbreak of diseases. Utilities such as water, electricity and sewage
disposal are also scarce.

Unemployment
Since the number of people competing for jobs is more than jobs available, unemployment is an inevitable problem.

Crime
Slum conditions make maintenance of law and order difficult. Patrolling of slums is not a pnority of law enforcing officers. unemployment and poverty force people into
anti-social activities. Slums become a breeding ground for criminal activities.

2.3 Environmental effects of urbanization

Temperature
Due to factors such as paving over formerly vegetated land, increasing number of residences and high-rise apartments and industries, temperature increases drastically.

Air pollution • Factories and automobiles are symbols of urbanization. Due to harmful emissions of gases and smoke from factories and vehicles, air pollution occurs.
Current research shows high amount of suspended particulate matter in air, particularly in cities, which contnbutes to allergies and respiratory problems thereby
becoming a huge health hazard.

Water issues • When urbanization takes place, water cycle changes as cities have more precipitation than surrounding areas. Due to dumping of sewage from factories
in water bodies, water pollution occurs which can lead to outbreaks of epidemics.

Destruction of Habitats - To make an area urbanized, a lot of forested areas are destroyed. Usually these areas would have been habitats to many birds and
animals.
2.4 Benefits of urbanization
Though urbanization has drawbacks, it has its benefits.

Efficiency Cities are extremely efficient. Less effort is needed to supply basic amenities such as fresh water and electricity. Research and recycling programs are
possible only in cities. In most cities flats are in vogue today. Many people can be accommodated within a small land area.

Convenience Access to education, health, social services and cultural activities is readily available to people in cities than in villages. Life in cities is much more
advanced, sophisticated and comfortable, compared to life in villages. Cities have advanced communication and transport networks.

Concentration of resources Since major human settlements were established near natural resources from ancient times, a lot of resources are available in and around
cities. A lot of facilities to exploit these resources also exist only in cities.

Educational facilities Schools, colleges and universities are established in cities to develop human resources. A variety of educational courses and fields are available
offering students a wide choice for their future careers.

Social integration People of many castes and religions live and work together in cities, which creates better understanding and harmony and helps breakdown social
and cultural barriers.

Improvements in economy High-tech industries earn valuable foreign exchange and lot of money for a country in the stock markets.
3.0 Urban Planning

Introduction
Urban Planning can be defined as the design and regulation of the uses of space that focus on the physical form, economic functions, and social impacts of the urban
environment and on the location of different activities within it. The venous fields that are encountered in urban planning are:-

URBAN PLANNING

ARCHITECTURE
ENGINEERING

SOCIAL AND
POLITICAL CONCERNS

3.1 History of urban Planning

City planning has always been of chief concern since times immemorial. Evidence of planning has been unearthed in the ruins of cities in China, India, Egypt, Asia
Minor, Mediterranean world, and South and Central America. Early examples of efforts towards planned urban development include orderly street systems that are
rectilinear and sometimes radial; division of a city into specialized functional quarters; development commanding central sites for palaces, temples and civic buildings;
and advanced systems of fortification, water supply, and drainage. Most of the evidence is in smaller cities that were built in comparatively short periods as colonies.
Often the central cities of ancient states grew to substantial size before they achieved governments capable of imposing controls.
3.2 Impacts on Urban Planning
Aesthetics
In developed countries, there has been a backlash against excessive human-made clutter in the visual environment, such as signposts, signs, and hoardings. Other issues
that generate strong debate among urban designers are tensions between peripheral growth, housing density and new settlements. There are also debates about the
mixing tenures and land uses, versus distinguishing geographic zones where different uses dominate. Regardless, all successful urban planning considers urban
character, local identity, respects heritage, pedestrians, traffic, utilities and natural hazards. Planners can help manage the growth of cities, applying tools like zoning and
growth management to manage the uses of land. Historically, many of the cities now thought the most beautiful are the result of dense, long lasting systems of
prohibitions and guidance about building sizes, uses and features. These allowed substantial freedoms, yet enforce styles, safety, and often materials in practical ways.

Safety
In recent years, practitioners have also been expected to maximize the accessibility of an area to people with different abilities, practicing the notion of "inclusive design,
to anticipate criminal behaviour and consequently to "design-out crime" and to consider -traffic calming" or "pedestrianisatlon- as ways of making urban life more
pleasant. Some city planners try to control criminality With structures designed from theories such as socio-architecture. The theories often say that psychological
pressure develops in more densely developed, unadomed areas. This stress causes some crimes and some use of illegal drugs. The antidote is usually more individual
space and better, more beautiful design in place of functionalism.

Slums
The rapid urbanization of the last century caused more slums in the major cities of the world, particularly in developing countries. Planning resources and strategies are
needed to address the problems of slum development. Many planners are calling for slum improvement, particularly the Commonwealth Association of Planners. When
urban planners work on slums, they must cope with racial and cultural differences to ensure that racial steenng does not occur.

Decay
Urban decay is a process by which a city, or a part of a city, falls into a state of; disrepair and neglect. It IS characterized by depopulation, economic restructuring,
property abandonment, high unemployment, fragmented families, political disenfranchisement, crime, and desolate urban landscapes. During the 1970s and 1980s,
urban decay was often associated with central areas of cities in North Amenca and Europe. During this time, changes in global economies, demographics, transportation,
and policies fostered urban decay.

Reconstruction and renewal

Areas devastated by war or invasion challenge urban planners. Resources are scarce. The existing population has needs. Buildings, roads, services and basic
infrastructure like power, water and sewerage are often damaged, but with salvageable parts. Historic, religious or social centers also need to be preserved and re-
lntegrated into the new city plan. A prime example of this is the capital city of Kabul, Afghanistan, which, after decades of civil war and occupation, has regions of
rubble and desolation. Despite this, the indigenous population continues to live in the area, constructing makeshift homes and shops out of salvaged matenals.
Transport
Transport within urbanized areas presents unique problems. The density of an urban environment increases traffic, which can harm businesses and increase pollution
unless properly managed. Parking space for private vehicles requires the construction of large parking garages in high density areas. This space could often be more
valuable for other development.

Good planning uses transit oriented development, which attempts to place higher densities of jobs or residents near high-volume transportation. For example, some
cities permit commerce and multi-story apartment buildings only Within one block of train stations and multilane boulevards, and accept single-family dwellings and
parks farther away.

City authorities may try to encourage higher densities to reduce per-capita infrastructure costs. Increasing development density has the advantage of making mass
transport systems, distinct heating and other community facilities (schools, health centers, etc.) more viable.

Suburbanization
In some countries, declining satisfaction with the urban environment is held to blame for continuing migration to smaller towns and rural areas . Successful urban
planning supported Regional planning can bring benefits to a much larger city region and help to reduce both congestion along transport routes and the wastage of
energy implied by excessive commuting.

Environmental factors
Environmental protection and conservation are of utmost importance to many planning systems across the world. Not only are the specific effects of development to be
mitigated, but attempts are made to minimize the overall effect of development on the local and global environment. This is commonly done through the assessment of
Sustainable urban infrastructure and microclimate.

Light and sound

The urban canyon effect is a colloquial, non-scientific term referring to street space bordered by very high buildings. This type of environment may shade the sidewalk
level from direct sunlight during most daylight hours. While an oft-decried phenomenon, it IS rare except in very dense, hyper-tall urban environments, such as those
found in Lower and Midtown Manhattan, Chicago s Loop and Kowloon in Hong Kong.

In urban planning, sound is usually measured as a source of pollution. Another perspective on urban sounds is developed in Soundscape studies emphasizing that sound
aesthetics involves more than noise abatement and decibel measurements. light pollution has become a problem in urban residential areas, not only as it relates to its
effects on the night sky, but as some lighting is so Intrusive as to cause conflict in the residential areas and paradoxically intense improperly installed security lighting
may pose a danger to the public, producing excessive glare. The development of the full cutoff fixture, properly installed, has reduced this problem considerably.
4.0 Urban Planning in India

India has characteristically drifted with history, rising periodically to accomplish great things. In no field has this been truer than in town planning. From prehistoric
Mohenjo Daro, to imperial city of New Delhi, to Corbusier's Chandigarh, India has pioneered in town building.

Emerging pattern of urban growth in India:-

The urban problems are not all of recent making. In India the urban situation had become serious because of the large Increase in population since 1921. While the
percentage increase for the nation as a whole was 11%, 14%, 3% and 13.4% respectively, for the decennial periods 1921 •1951 , the urban areas increased by 21%, 32%
and respectively, during the same periods. The urban drift is continuing unabated.
The hean' shifts of population are the result of the lack of adequate employment opportunities in the villages and the attraction of relatively high wages and amenities in
towns. unemployment and particularly underemployment in agriculture stimulates this tendency. Since 1947 when the country was partitioned, there has been a heavy
influx of refugees into urban areas.
Key Features Of Urban Planning In India:-

Urban Planning in India includes (but is not confined to) the following -
• Town planning
• Regulation of land use for residential and commercial purposes
• Construction of buildings
• Planning for economic development
• Planning for social development
• Construction of roads
• Constructions of bndges
• Water supply for domestic use, industrial and commercial purposes
• Public health care management
• Sewerage, sanitation and solid waste management
• Proper fire services
• Urban forestation and maintenance
• Protection of environment through sustainable development
• Promotion of ecological balance and maintenance
• Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society
• Offering proper infrastructural help to the handicapped and mentally retarded population of the society
• Organized slum improvement
• Phased removal or alleviation of urban poverty
• Increased provision of basic urban facilities like public urinals, subways, footpaths, parks, gardens, and playgrounds
• Increased public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus-stop and public conveyances
• Continual promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects of the environment
• Increased number of burials, burial grounds, cremation grounds and electric crematoria
• Proper regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries
• Absolute prevention of / zero tolerance of cruelty to animals
4.1 Case Study : Lucknow
Introduction
The distinctive culture of Lucknow represents an important phase of transition in the definition of modem identities that coincided With the decline of the Mughal
empire and the increasing role of the East India Company in Indian affairs. Lucknow's architecture, its town planning and monuments, mirrors the refashioning of
identities through the fusion of different cultures and styles.
Lucknow Metropolis, The State Capital of Uttar Pradesh has emerged as one of the most important cities of India in terms of modern technology, level of investment,
institutional development and a progressive outlook. The projected population of Lucknow urban agglomeration is 71.66 Lac which IS covered by an area of 369.01
Sq.Km. The present metropolitan area of Lucknow is envisaged to be 3091.40 Sq. Km.

Spatial patterns
The Master Plan 2021 , which is the source of the information, estimates that Lucknow covered an area of 16,270 hectares in 2004-05. Compared to 1987 when the area
was estimated at 9170 hectares, there has been a 77.4% increase In the total area in 2004-05. Trends In land uses has been interesting, especially the fact that residential
use has grown dramatically in comparison to all other uses, although there has also been notable
growth in commercial, industrial and public service land use.
While population densities in core areas, which Include the major part of Cis-Gomti specially the old habitations, are around 600 persons/hectare or more the densities in
peripheral Trans-Gomtl area; vary from 400 to 600 persons/hectares. The total Municipal area as per 2001 census is 143 sq.km.

Key issues of planning in Lucknow

• While there IS a real estate boom on the one hand, however, there has been a growth in slum conditions on the other. There is consensus that there are large numbers
of poor people in the city - more than 60 to 70 population live below the poverty line. The city continues to attract new migrants, many of who end up in informal
settlements that would generally be regarded as slums. These areas are spread across the city, so that any action to deal with the related challenges has to be on a
citywide scale. It is not a physical pattern that clearly separates better-off areas from others.

• In the absence of adequate measures taken to protect the environment, urban development and expansion has resulted in steady detenoration of the City's environment
resulting in adverse impacts on water, air, land-ecology, and public health and has even caused serious damage to heritage properties.

• Increasing population growth of the city coupled With increasing commercial and industrial activity has resulted in rising water pollution both in the River Gomti as
well as of the ground water sources. The River Gomti water is fit for drinking after treatment at Dandnamau Ghat, but when it enters Lucknow city at Gaughat, 27
drains carrying domestic sewage discharge directly into it thus deteriorating the water quality. It is estimated that these drains discharge around 32 million liters of
sewerage and household wastes each day into the River Gomti. The release of industrial effluents along the course of the river further aggravates the problem and the
water is rendered highly unfit for drinking. Although the Jal Sansthan treats the never water before supplying to the City, consumers do not consider this to be safe.
Being able to address the pollution of the River Gomti is an area of great concern for the residents of the City.
Spatial and Environmental issues
• Significant numbers of poor people live in the city, settled in slums without access to basic services. These slums are distributed fairly uniformly across the City, and
dealing with the challenges they face cannot be done in isolation from a wider City development strategy. The integration of these areas Within the larger fabric of the
City in a manner that ensures basic services without encouraging further illegal occupation of land and encroachments is a major challenge. Finding ways to provide
security of tenure to the urban poor and/or providing alternate land for relocation are key issues therefore.
• The City is growing rapidly in all directions but with a higher rate of growth along Faizabad Road in the Trans-Gomti area. The new development areas have
inadequate infrastructure.

Heritage issues
• The well-known monuments are relatively better maintained although the attention seems skewed in favor of the monument with lesser attention to its surroundings.
Most of the heritage sites need maintenance and designated parking places and space for food stalls. These places also require public toilets.
• There is need therefore to widen the definition of 'heritage' from just monuments to entire precincts and strategies at city level in order that Visitors are treated to a
holistic 'heritage experience'.

Inner City Renewal Challenges

The Inner city area was one of the first to be provided infrastructure in the form of water supply and sewerage systems, drainage, street lighting etc. The pressure of
population in this zone has increased significantly both as a result of natural increase as well as Its attraction of low rents and large numbers of migrant families. There
are few remnants of the once effective infrastructure with the majority of the area facing problems of water supply, inadequate sewage disposal, practically non-existent
solid waste management, encroachment of drains etc. Interventions are necessary not only from the point of improving the quality of life of residents but also from the
perspective of restoring its past heritage.

Key Issues: Inner City

• Grossly inadequate infrastructure for water supply and sewerage
• Poor solid waste management
• Encroachment of drains and blockages leading to water logging
• Urban decay.

Gomti river pollution issue

There are a large number of katcha slum bastees and low income mohallas located along the main nullahs in the core area of the city where the problems of poor solid
waste management, drainage and samtation are closely interrelated and particularly severe.