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Polar Equation2

The document discusses polar coordinate systems. In polar coordinates, a point P(r,θ) is located by its distance r from the origin and its angle θ from the positive x-axis. The document provides examples of locating points in polar coordinates and converting between polar and rectangular coordinates. It also discusses graphs of common polar equations like circles, roses, limacons, and lemniscates.

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53 views39 pages

Polar Equation2

The document discusses polar coordinate systems. In polar coordinates, a point P(r,θ) is located by its distance r from the origin and its angle θ from the positive x-axis. The document provides examples of locating points in polar coordinates and converting between polar and rectangular coordinates. It also discusses graphs of common polar equations like circles, roses, limacons, and lemniscates.

Uploaded by

leepatrickbanez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Polar Coordinates

Where is it?
Coordinate systems are used to locate the position of a point.

(3,1) (1,/6)

In rectangular coordinates: In polar coordinates:


• We break up the plane into a grid • We break up the plane with circles
of horizontal and vertical line lines. centered at the origin and with
• We locate a point by identifying it rays emanating from the origin.
as the intersection of a vertical and • We locate a point as the
a horizontal line. intersection of a circle and a ray.
Polar Coordinates
• In Polar Coordinate System, a point P(r,θ)
maybe located such that r represents the
radius vector and  is the position or vectorial
angle in radians. The origin of the system is
called the pole and the reference position is
called the polar axis.


O
Polar axis
Locating points in Polar Coordinates
Suppose we see the point

(r, )= (2,/6)


r =2
and we know it is in polar
coordinates. Where is it in the
plane?
(2,/6)
The first coordinate,
r =2, indicates the
distance of the point
from the origin.  = /6

The second coordinate,  = /6,


indicates the distance counter-
clockwise around from the
positive x-axis.
Example:
• Locate the following points:


1. P(3, ) 4. S (1,0)
6
5 
2. Q(2, ) 5. T (3, )
6 3

3. R(4.5, 3 ) 6. U (5,
 2
)
4 3
Locating points in Polar Coordinates
Note, however, that every point in
the plane as infinitely many polar
representations.


(r , )  2, 
6  (2,/6)

 = /6
Locating points in Polar Coordinates
Note, however, that every point in
the plane as infinitely many polar
representations.

 6
(r , )  2,   2,136
  2,   2 
6
2
6
Locating points in Polar Coordinates
Note, however, that every point in
the plane as infinitely many polar
representations.

 6
(r , )  2,   2,116
  2,   2 
6  2
6
  2,   2 
6

And we can go clockwise or


counterclockwise around the circle as
many times as we wish!
Different Representation of a Point
• General Formulas:

 r ,     r ,       r ,      r ,2n 

• Example: If r  4,  
3
and n=1, then

          
 4,     4,       4,      4,  2 
 3  3   3   3 
   4    2   7 
 4,     4,     4,    4, 
 3  3   3   3 
Example2:
• Find the other representation of the point

  
P  4, 
 3 

• Answer:

    2    4   5 
  4,    4,    4,     4, 
 3  3   3   3 
Rectangular and Polar Coordinates

(x,y)
x  r cos  y  r sin 
P
(r,)
y
r 2  x2  y2 tan  
r x
y y  
  tan1
  
x 2 2

x M
Converting Between Polar and
Rectangular Coordinates
It is fairly easy to see that if
(x,y) and (r, q) represent the
same point in the plane:
 r, 
x  r cos()
y  r sin()
r x y
2 2 2
These relationships allow us to
convert back and forth between
x rectangular and polar coordinates
tan() 
y
Example:
• Find the rectangular coordinates of the point
defined by the following polar coordinates
1. (6,2/3)
Solution: x  r cos  y  r sin 
2 2
x  6 cos y  6 sin
3 3

x 3 y3 3

Therefore, the required coordinates is  3,3 3  .


2. Express the rectangular coordinates (-2,-2) in
terms of polar coordinates.

3. Find the polar coordinates corresponding to


2x-3y=5

4. Transform the equation r=4sin to rectangular


coordinates.
• Example5:
Transform the polar coordinate equation
1
r
cos  3 sin 
To the corresponding rectangular coordinates
equation.

5. Express 1+i, 1-i, -1-i in polar form.


Graph of Polar
Coordinates
Equations
Let C, a and b be constants.
=C Line containing pole, making angle of radian
measure C with the polar axis.
rsin = b Line parallel to the polar axis.
Above the polar axis if b>0 and below the polar axis if
b<0.
rcos = a Line parallel to the /2 axis.
To the right of the /2 axis if a>0 and to the left of the
/2 axis if a<0.
r=C Circle, center at pole, radius is C.
r = 2a cos  Circle, radius is |a|, tangent to the /2 axis and
center on the polar axis or its extension.
r = 2b sin  Circle, radius is |b|, tangent to the polar axis and
center on the /2 axis or its extension.
Note: The graph of an equation r=f() in polar
coordinates is the set of all points (r,) whose
coordinates satisfy the equation.

Example:
• Sketch the graph of the equation

r  31  sin  
 r  r
0 3 2/3 5.6
/6 4.5 3/4 5.1
/4 5.1 5/6 4.5
/3 5.6  3
/2 6

As  increases from Sin  varies from r varies from


0 to /2 0 to 1 3 to 6
/2 to  1 t0 0 6 to 3
 to 3/2 0 to -1 3 to 0
3/2 to 2 -1 to 0 0 to 3
Test for symmetry
• Symmetric with respect to the pole
(a) pole if an equivalent equation is obtained
when (r,) is replaced by (r, +).
• Symmetric with respect to the polar axis
(a) if an equivalent equation is obtained when
(r,) is replaced by (r,-).
• Symmetric with respect to the line =/2
(a) axis if an equivalent equation is obtained
when (r,) is replaced by (r, -).
Special Types of Equations
• Graphs of equations of the form

r  a sin n r  a cos n

Where n is a positive integer, greater than 1, are


called rose curves.

Note: n is odd = n leaves


n is even = 2n leaves
a is the height of the petal
Example:
• Construct the graph of r=sin 2.

• Symmetry:
=symmetric on all tests.

Note: Since the equation is symmetric on all


axes, then it is sufficient to graph the curve on
the first quadrant.
 r

0 0

/6 0.9

/4 1

/3 0.9

/2 0

• The completed graph is called a four-leaved


rose.
Example2:

• Construct the graph of the equation

r  cos 3
Limacon
• Graphs of the form

r  a  b sin  r  a  b cos 

Are called limacon.


Type Equations Graph

r  a  a sin 
Cardioid
r  a  a cos 

r  a  b sin 
r  a  b cos 
a
Limacon 0 
b
 1

a
1   2
b

a
 2
b
Type Equations Graph

r  a sin 2
2 2
Lemniscates
r  a cos 2
2 2

r  a sin n
r  a cos n

Rose Curves n petals if n is odd

2n petals if n is
even
Example
• Construct the graph of the limacon

r  2  4 cos
Lemniscates
• Polar equations of the form

r  a sin 2
2 2
r  a cos 2
2 2

Are called lemniscates. The second is known as


the Lemniscate of Bernoulli.
Example
• Draw the graph of the equation

r  9 cos 2
2

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