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Actuators: Prepared By: Salunkhe Kalpesh PRN: 2019033800132675 ME-II-Inductrial Electronics Roll No: 275

The document discusses different types of actuators used in control systems. It describes the needs for actuators to physically manipulate valves, heaters, and other devices based on control signals. Electrical actuators discussed include solenoids, which convert electrical signals to linear motion, and DC motors and stepping motors, which produce rotational motion. Pneumatic actuators use pressure differences in gases to create forces on diaphragms and move control elements. Hydraulic actuators use incompressible liquids to transmit large forces for moving pistons and other components.

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Kalpesh Salunkhe
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57 views18 pages

Actuators: Prepared By: Salunkhe Kalpesh PRN: 2019033800132675 ME-II-Inductrial Electronics Roll No: 275

The document discusses different types of actuators used in control systems. It describes the needs for actuators to physically manipulate valves, heaters, and other devices based on control signals. Electrical actuators discussed include solenoids, which convert electrical signals to linear motion, and DC motors and stepping motors, which produce rotational motion. Pneumatic actuators use pressure differences in gases to create forces on diaphragms and move control elements. Hydraulic actuators use incompressible liquids to transmit large forces for moving pistons and other components.

Uploaded by

Kalpesh Salunkhe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Actuators

Prepared by : Salunkhe kalpesh


PRN : 2019033800132675
ME-II-Inductrial Electronics
Roll No: 275
Contents :
Needs of actuators.
Electrical actuators.
Pneumatic actuators.
Hydraulic actuators.
Needs of actuators.
An actuator is the mechanism by which a control
system acts upon an environment.
If a value is used to control fluid flow, some
mechanism must be physically open or close the valve.
If a heater is to warm a system, some device must turn
the heater ON or OFF or vary its excitation.
Electrical Actuators

Solenoid:
A solenoid is an elementary device that converts an
electrical signal into mechanical motion, usually
rectilinear(in a straight line).
Solenoid consists of a coil and plunger, the plunger
may be dc or ac.
Solenoids are used where a large, sudden force must
be applied to perform some job.
Solenoid
Electrical motors
Electrical motors are devices that accept electrical
input and produce a continuous rotation as a result.
Motor styles and sizes vary as demands for rotational
speed (revolutions per minute, or rpm), starting
torque, rotational torque, and other specifications
vary.
There are many types of electrical motors, each with
its special set of characteristics. We will simply discuss
the three most common varieties: the dc motor, ac
motor, and stepping motor.
DC MOTOR :
The rotation of a dc motor is produced by the
interaction of two constant magnetic fields.
Figure shows one type of dc motor that employs a
permanent magnet (PM) to form one of the magnetic
fields. The second magnetic field is formed by passing
a current through a coil of wire contained within the
PM field.
Many dc motors use an electromagnet instead of a PM
to provide the static field.
The use of dc motors in control systems ranges from
very low energy, delicate control applications, to
heavy-duty control operations in elevators and
vehicles.

PM types are used for motors of less than 10 hp (7.5


kW) and wound field types for units upto about 100 to
200 hp (75 to 150 kW).
Stepping motor
The operation of a
stepping motor
can be understood
from the simple
model shown in
Figure
Pneumatic Actuators
The actuator often translates a control signal into a
large force or torque as required to manipulate some
control element. The pneumatic actuator is most
useful for such translation.
If we imagine that a net pressure difference is applied
across a diaphragm of surface area A, then a net force
acts on the diaphragm given by F  A( P1  P 2)
 where p1 - p2 = pressure difference (Pa)
A = diaphragm area (m2)
F = force (N)
 Figure on left shows the condition in the low signal-pressure
state, where the spring, S, maintains the diaphragm and the
connected control shaft in a position as shown.
 The pressure on the opposite (spring) side of the diaphragm is
maintained at atmospheric pressure by the open hole, H.
Increasing the control pressure (gauge pressure) applies a force
on the diaphragm, forcing the diaphragm and connected shaft
down against the spring force.
Hydraulic Actuators
There is an upper limit to the forces that can be
applied using gas as the working fluid. Yet there are
many cases when large forces are required.
The basic idea is the same as for pneumatic actuators,
except that an incompressible fluid is used to provide
the pressure, which can be made very large by
adjusting the area of the forcing piston. The hydraulic
pressure is given by pH  F 1 / A1
Where F1 = applied piston force (N)
A1 = forcing piston area (m2)
pH = hydraulic pressure (Pa)
This pressure is transferred equally throughout the
liquid, so the resulting force on the working piston is
Fw  pH * A2
Where Fw = force of working piston(N)
A2 = working piston area (m2)
Thus, the working force is given in terms of the
applied force by A2
Fw  * F1
A1
Hydraulic Servo
In this system, high-pressure hydraulic fluid can be
directed to either side of a force piston, which causes
motion in either direction. The direction is
determined by the position of a control valve piston in
the hydraulic servo valve.
The position of this valve piston is controlled by a
linear motor driven by the output of an amplifier and
error detector.
The inputs to the error detector are the process-
controller output, which forms the set point of the
hydraulic servo, and a feedback from the force piston
shaft. Thus, the amplifier will drive the hydraulic servo
until the feedback matches the set point input.
Thank you

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