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Conductance and Resistance

Conductance is the inverse of resistance and defines how easily a material allows electric current to pass through it. Resistance opposes the flow of current and is measured in Ohms. Resistors are used in circuits to limit current and dissipate power. The color bands on resistors indicate the resistance value and tolerance. Resistance is proportional to length and inversely proportional to cross-sectional area. It increases with temperature and depends on the material. Ohm's law defines the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. Kirchhoff's laws describe the conservation of charge and voltage in electrical circuits.

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90 views33 pages

Conductance and Resistance

Conductance is the inverse of resistance and defines how easily a material allows electric current to pass through it. Resistance opposes the flow of current and is measured in Ohms. Resistors are used in circuits to limit current and dissipate power. The color bands on resistors indicate the resistance value and tolerance. Resistance is proportional to length and inversely proportional to cross-sectional area. It increases with temperature and depends on the material. Ohm's law defines the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. Kirchhoff's laws describe the conservation of charge and voltage in electrical circuits.

Uploaded by

maitham100
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Electrical Theory

Conductance
• Conductance is the ability of a material to
conduct an electrical current.
• Conductance is the inverse of resistance, thus:
• conductance, 1
G
R
• The units of conductivity is Siemens.
Resistance

• Resistance is the resistance to flow of a


current.
• The unit of resistance is the Ohm, 
Resistance
• An electric current is the flow
of electrons from atom to
atom.

Because of the heat energy


contained in a conductor the
atoms will vibrate about a mean
position. This causes electrons to
collide with atoms and causes a
resistance to the flow, converting
the kinetic energy into heat.
Colour Coding of Resistors

• The first two bands indicate the digits.


• The third band indicates the multiplier.
• The four coloured band indicates the tolerance. If there is no fourth band
the tolerance is 20%.
• The bands indicate the reading direction; read from the end with the most
bands.
Example
Resistors

• Large power supply resistor (top).


• Ordinary circuit resistor (middle).
• Surface mount resistance e.g. mobile phone
(bottom)
Variable Resistors

• Top left is the diagrammatic symbol for a fixed resistor.


• Bottom left is the diagrammatic symbol for a fixed
resistor.
• On the right two variable resistors.
The Purpose of Resistors

• Resistors can limit the current to electronic


components to prevent the destruction of the
components.
Purpose of Resistors

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NfcgA1ax
PLo
Factors Affecting the Resistance : Physical
Dimensions
• The factors affecting resistance are:
• Length. The resistance is proportional to length. The
longer the conductor the more obstacles in the
electrons path.
• Area. Resistance is inversely proportional to the cross-
sectional area. The larger the area the more electrons
able to move for a given length.
• The material itself called the resistivity. This also is the
constant of proportionality in the equation for
resistance.
l
R
A
Example 1

• The resistance of a 5m length of wire is 600


ohms. Determine (a) the resistance of an 8 m
length of wire, and (b) the length of the same
wire when the resistance is 420 ohms.
Example 2

• A piece of wire of cross-sectional area 2mm2


has a resistance of 300 ohms. Find (a) the
resistance of a wire of the same length and
material if the cross-sectional area is 5mm2,
(b) the cross-sectional area of a wire of the
same length and material of resistance 750
ohms.
Factors Affecting the Resistance :
Temperature
• The resistance of conductors will increase with
an increase in temperature.
• The resistance of insulators and carbon will
decrease with an increase in temperature.
• The temperature coefficient of resistance is
the increase in a 1 ohm piece of material
when raised through 1 degree Celsius.
• The symbol for the temperature coefficient of
resistance is 
Factors Affecting the Resistance :
Temperature
• A 1 ohm piece of copper increase its resistance by
0.0043 ohms per degree Celsius.
• If a 1 ohm piece of copper is heated through one
hundred degree centigrade the new resistance will be:
1 + 100 x 0.0043 = 1.43 ohms.
R  R0 1   0 
• The general formula is:
• Where: R0 = the resistance at 0oC
R
• = the resistance at 0oC
0
• = temperature coefficient of
•  resistance at 0 C
o

• = new temperature
Example 3

• A coil of copper wire has a resistance of 100


ohms when the temperature is 0oC. Determine
its resistance at 70oC if the temperature
coefficient of resistance of copper at 0oC is
0.0043/oC.
Example 4

• An aluminum cable has a resistance of 27


ohms at a temperature of 35oC. Determine its
resistance at 0oC if the temperature coefficient
of resistance at 0oC is 0.0038/oC.
Conventional current flow
• In the early days of investigation into electrical
phenomena, the direction of current flow was
arbitrarily chosen as positive to negative.
• In consequence all the rules of electrical
theory are base on the direction of current
being positive to negative.
Electron current flow

• In actual fact the current flows from the


negative terminal to the positive terminal.
Ohm’s Law
• If the temperature is constant the relationship
between potential difference and current is linear.
• The gradient of the line will be the value of the
resistance.
• V=IxR
Electrical Power

• Power = V x I
• Unit - watts
Resistors in Series
• The sum of the voltage
drops across each resistor
will equal the voltage
supplied by the source.
• V = V1 + V2 + V3
• V = IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
• The current through each
resistor is the same.
• Therefore: R = R1 + R2 + R3
Example 5

• In the circuit in the above diagram if: E = 24V,


R1 = 330  , R2 = 1500  , R3 = 470  . Calculate
(a) the circuit resistance, (b) the circuit
current, the potential difference across each
resistor.
Resistors in Parallel
• The total current, I, in the
circuit is the addition of the
currents in each branch of the
circuit:
• IT = I1 + I2V+ I3.
I
R
• But
V V V2 V3
 1
 
R R1 R 2 R3

• As there is no resistance
between the ends of each
resistor the voltage drop across
each resistor1is the
1 same:
1 1 V=
  
V1 = V2 + V3, therefore:
R R R R 1 2 3
Example 6
• In the circuit in the above
diagram if: E = 24V, R1 = 330  ,
R2 = 1500  , R3 = 470  .
Calculate (a) the circuit
resistance, (b) the circuit
current, (c) the current through
each resistor.
Example 7
• Two resistors one 6 and the
other 3  resistance, are
connected in parallel source of
emf of 12V. Determine (a) the
effective resistance of the
combination, (b) the current
drawn from the source and (c)
the current through each resistor.
Series/Parallel Combinations

• Probably the easiest way to solve


combinations of series and parallel resistors is
to find the one resistor equivalent to the
parallel resistors and solve the circuit values
with the remainder of the resistors in series.
Example 8
• For the circuit below find (a) the current
drawn from source, (b) the p.d. across each
resistor, (c) the current through each resistor.
Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Kirchhoff’s First Law: The total current flowing towards
a node is equal to the total current flowing away from
the node, i.e. the algebraic sum of the current at a
node is zero.
• Definition – a node is a junction point of two or more
branches of that network. Thus point X below, is a
node and I1 + I2 = I3.
Kirchhoff’s Laws

• I1 + I2 – I3 = 0
Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Kirchhoff’s Second Law: In a closed circuit, the algebraic sum of the voltage
drops (the product of current and resistance) of each part of the circuit is
equal to the resultant e.m.f. in the circuit.
• Note the algebraic sum means taking in to account the polarity of the
voltage.
• Thus for the diagram:
• for the closed circuit involving E1, E2, R1 and R2:
• E1 – E2 = I1R1 – I2R2
• for the closed circuit involving E1, E2 and R3:
• E2 = I2R2 + I3R3.
Example 9
• For the diagram above if –
• E1 = 6V
• E2 = 4V
• R1 = 2
• R2= 3
• R3= 10

• Find the values of the currents: I1, I2 and I3.

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