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Methods of Determination of Aquifer Parameters: Mid Term Presentation

This document discusses methods for determining parameters of aquifers. It defines aquifers and different types including unconfined, confined, leaky and perched. It describes properties such as porosity, specific yield, permeability and storage. Methods of measuring aquifer yield are discussed, including using flow velocity and conducting pumping tests to determine hydraulic properties and maximum extraction rates. Formulas for calculating transmissivity in confined and unconfined aquifers using data from pumping tests are also presented.

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Areeba Shaikh
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242 views17 pages

Methods of Determination of Aquifer Parameters: Mid Term Presentation

This document discusses methods for determining parameters of aquifers. It defines aquifers and different types including unconfined, confined, leaky and perched. It describes properties such as porosity, specific yield, permeability and storage. Methods of measuring aquifer yield are discussed, including using flow velocity and conducting pumping tests to determine hydraulic properties and maximum extraction rates. Formulas for calculating transmissivity in confined and unconfined aquifers using data from pumping tests are also presented.

Uploaded by

Areeba Shaikh
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MID TERM PRESENTATION

METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF
AQUIFER PARAMETERS
 SUBJECT:HYDROLOGY & DRAINAGE ENGINEERIN
 SUBMITTED TO:DR. SHAFI MUHAMMAD KORI
 ROLL NO:F16CE57
 NAME:AREEBA AZIZ
 SCETION:A
 DATE:25-7-2020
WHAT IS AN AQUIFER:

 A body of saturated rock which water can easily move. Aquifers must be
both permeable and porous and include such rock types as sandstone.
  An aquifer is a layer of porous substrate that contains and transmits
groundwater.
 An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock
or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) from which
groundwater can be extracted using a water well.
 Aquifers may occur at various depths.
 Unconfined aquifers are sometimes also
called water table or phreatic aquifers, UNCONFINED AQUIFERS OR
because their upper boundary is the water NON-ARTESIAN AQUIFERS
table.
 When water can flow directly between the
surface and the saturated zone of an
aquifer, the aquifer is unconfined.
 The deeper parts of unconfined aquifers
are usually more saturated since gravity
causes water to flow downward.
 Where groundwater is in direct contact
with the atmosphere through the open
pore spaces of the overlying soil or
rock, then the aquifer is said to be
unconfined.
 The upper groundwater surface in an
unconfined aquifer is called the water table.
CONFINED AQUIFER/ARTESIAN AQUIFER:

 A water-bearing subsurface stratum that is bounded above and


below by formations of impermeable, or relatively impermeable soil or
rock. Also know as an artesian aquifer.
 A confined aquifer is an aquifer that is bounded above and below by
confining beds. 
 Confined aquifers generally occur at significant depth below the
ground surface.
 When an aquifer is sandwiched
between two impermeable layers, it is
known as a confined aquifer. It is also
known as a pressure aquifer, or an
artesian aquifer. 
 Leaky Aquifer
An aquifer bound by one or two aquitards is known as a leaky aquifer. It is also
known as semi-confined aquifer.

Perched Aquifer Perched Aquifer is a special type of an unconfined


aquifer. An impermeable saucer-shaped stratum of a small aerial extent occurring in
the zone of aeration may retain and hold some amount of water is called perched
aquifer.
PROPERTIES OF THE AQUIFER
POROSITY:Porosity or void fraction is a
measure of the void (i.e., "empty") spaces in a
material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids
over the total volume, between 0–1, or as a
percentage between 0–100%.
Porosity of surface soil typically decreases as
particle size increases.
SPECIFIC YIELD The quantity of water which
a unit volume of aquifer, after being saturated, will
yield by gravity; it is expressed either as a ratio or as
a percentage of the volume of the aquifer; specific
yield is a measure of the water available to wells.
Specific Retention – It is the ratio of the volume of water that cannot be
drained out to the total volume of the saturated aquifer
The specific retention increases with decreasing grain size.
Soil having low permeability may not easily drain out. For example, clay has a high
porosity but low specific yield and its permeability is low. 
 Coefficient of permeability – It is the ease with which water can flow in a soil
mass or rock The coefficient of Permeability (K) is equal to the discharge (m3/s) per unit area
(m2) of soil mass under unit hydraulic gradient. It is usually expressed as cm/s, m/s, m/day,
etc. The coefficient of permeability is also called Hydraulic Conductivity

5. Transmissibility - It is the discharge rate at which water is transmitted


through a unit width of an aquifer under a unit hydraulic gradient. It is usually expressed as
m3/day/m or m2/s. 
 Specific Storage - It is the amount of water per unit volume of a
saturated formation that is stored or expelled from storage.

Storage Coefficient - It is the volume of water released from


storage, or taken into storage, per unit of aquifer storage area per unit change
in head. The storage coefficient is a dimensionless as it is the ratio of the
volume of water released from original unit volume. It ranges from 0.02 to
0.30 in unconfined aquifers
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AQUIFUGE,AQUITARD AND
AQUICLUDE

1. AQUIFUGE: is the geological formation, which is , neither porous nor


permeable and hence it neither contains nor yield ground water. Granite rock
is an example of aquifuge.

2. AQUITARD: is that geological formation, which does not yield water freely
to wells due to its lesser permeability, although seepage is possible through it.
The yield from such a formation is, thus, insignificant. Sandy clay is an
example of aquitard.

3. AQUICLUDE: is highly porous, containing large quantities of water, but


essentially impervious, as not to yield water. A clay layer is an example of
aquiclude.
MEASUREMENT OF YIELD OF AQUIFERS
1. ON THE BASIS OF FLOW VELOCITY OF THE GROUND WATER
 If a well is penetrated through an aquifer, the water will rush into it with a
velocity say “V” and if A is the area of the aquifer opening into the well, then
Q will be given as:
 Q=V.A
 Where “V” is the discharge velocity into the well and is given by thebV=n.va
 Where n=porosity of the soil medium
 Va=actual flow velocity of ground water
 Eventually, the discharge of the well excavated through the given aquifer is
given as: Q=n.va.A
 In the above equation, the velocity of the ground water flow va can be
estimated by using Slichter’s or Hazen’s empirical equations or it can be
measured in the field by using chemical tracers, such as chemical resistivity
methods.
 The time (t) taken by a chemical tracers to travel a given known distance (S)
2.ESTIMATION OF YIELD BY PUMPING TESTS
The yield of an aquifer can be estimated by conducting two direct practical tests in the field, which
can be directly indicate the well yield from the given aquifer. These test are:
PUMPIMG TEST:
pumping test consists of pumping groundwater from a well, usually at a constant rate,
and measuring water levels in the pumped well and any nearby wells (observation wells)
or surface water bodies during and after pumping.
Why we should performing Pumping Test
• Pumping test gives the best information on the drawdown level, flow rates and
unforeseen factors generated upon pumping.

Principles of Pumping Test


Principles of Pumping Test involves applying a stress to an aquifer by extracting
groundwater from a pumping well and measuring the aquifer response to that
stress by monitoring drawdown as a function of time.
These measurements are then incorporated into an appropriate well- flow equation
to calculate the hydraulic parameters of the aquifer.
• It can be applied by Single-Well or Multi-
Wells (observations)
Pumping tests are carried out to determine
• How much groundwater can be extracted
from a well based on long--term yield, and
well efficiency.
• The hydraulic properties of an aquifer or the
hydraulic properties of an aquifers.
• Spatial effects of pumping on the aquifer.
• Determine the suitable depth of pump.
• Information on water quality and its
variability with time.
THIEM’S FROMULA FOR CONFINED AQUIFER

where: Q = well discharge rate (m3/d)


KD or T= transmissivity of aquifer (m2/d)
r1, r2 = respective distances of the piezometers
from the pumping well (m)
s1, s2 = respective steady-state drawdowns in
the piezometers (m)
THIEM’S FROMULA FOR UNCONFINED
AQUIFER

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