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Heating and Cooling Curve

The document summarizes key concepts related to heating and cooling curves, phase changes, and phase diagrams. It defines endothermic and exothermic processes, explains heating and cooling curves, and quantifies phase changes through specific heat, heat of fusion, and heat of vaporization. It also describes common features of phase diagrams including triple points, critical points, melting/freezing curves, and vaporization/condensation curves. Interpreting phase diagrams is demonstrated using an example substance.

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CLARK KENTH C. AGULO
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148 views26 pages

Heating and Cooling Curve

The document summarizes key concepts related to heating and cooling curves, phase changes, and phase diagrams. It defines endothermic and exothermic processes, explains heating and cooling curves, and quantifies phase changes through specific heat, heat of fusion, and heat of vaporization. It also describes common features of phase diagrams including triple points, critical points, melting/freezing curves, and vaporization/condensation curves. Interpreting phase diagrams is demonstrated using an example substance.

Uploaded by

CLARK KENTH C. AGULO
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Heating and Cooling Curve

Heating Curve
• Matter can undergo changes on its state. This change
in state is known as phase change which involves
either an absorption or release of heat.
Endothermic Process
• Process that absorbs heat from the surroundings
Exothermic Process
• Process that releases/ gives off heat to the surroundings
When a substance is heated, the heat energy absorbed
is used in two ways:
a) Added heat increases the kinetic energy of the
particles thus increasing its temperature
b) Added heat is used to break the bond between the
particles, no increase in temperature but a change in
phase occurs
On the other hand, when the heat is removed from the
substance, the heat removed is used in two ways:
a) Removed heat lowers the energy of the particles
thus decreasing its temperature
b) Removed heat causes the formation of the bond
between particles, there is no decrease in
temperature but phase change occurs
Heating curve
• A diagram showing the changes in temperature as a substance is
heated up at a constant rate and amount of heat
• The plateaus or the flat surfaces indicates that a change in phase is
happening and there is no change in temperature. (B to C is melting
while D to E is evaporation)
• Increase in temperature of the substance is shown in the rising lines.
This line shows an increase in kinetic energy of the substance
Cooling Curve
• A diagram showing the changes in temperature of a substance as it
changes from gas to liquid and solid
• From B to C, condensation is happening while from D to E is
solidification or freezing is happening
• Lines are going down shows a decrease in temperature of the
substance
Quantitative Aspects in Phase
Changes
Specific Heat
•  Amount of heat required to increase the temperature of one gram of
a substance by 1

Where:
• Q = amount of heat (joules)
• M – mass (grams, g)
• C – specific heat capacity of a substance (
• = change in temperature
Heat of Fusion
•The
  amount of heat required to convert solid to liquid state at
its melting point.

Where:
• Q – amount of heat (Joule, J)
• m – mass (grams, g)
• ΔHfus – heat of fusion (J/g, kJ/Kg, cal/g, J/mol)
Heat of Vaporization
•The
  amount of heat required to convert liquid to the gaseous state at
its boiling point.

Where:
• Q – amount of heat (Joule, J)
• m – mass (grams, g)
• ΔHvap – heat of vaporization (J/g, kJ/Kg, cal/g, J/mol)
Phase Diagrams
• A graphical representation of the physical states of substance under
certain condition of temperature and pressure.
• It gives a combination of pressure-temperature at which a certain
physical state of substance would occur.
Melting or Freezing Curve
• The curve that represents the boundary between solid and liquid
states.
• In this line, the solid and liquid phase are both present and at
equilibrium.
• It shows the effect of pressure on the melting point of a solid
substance.
Vaporization or Condensation Curve
• The curve that represents the boundary between the liquid and
gaseous states.
• In this line, the liquid and gaseous states are both present and at
equilibrium.
• It shows the effect of pressure on the boiling point of liquid.
Sublimation or Deposition Curve
• The curve that represents the boundary between solid and gaseous
states.
• In this line, the solid and gaseous states are both present and at
equilibrium.
• It shows the effect of increased temperature to solids at low pressure
conditions, lower than the triple point.
Triple Point
• The point in a phase diagram where we can see the combination of
pressure and temperature where the three phases of matter co-exists
and at equilibrium
Critical Point
• The end of the vaporization/condensation curve.
• Set of pressure-temperature condition where the liquid and gaseous
states merge together into a single phase.
• The temperature in the critical point is called critical temperature and
the pressure is called the critical pressure.
Supercritical Fluid

• Substance that is formed from the merging of


liquid and gaseous states beyond the critical
point.
Phase Diagram of Water
• Triple Point – 0.0098°C and 0.00603 atm (below the atmospheric
pressure)
• Critical Point – 374.4°C and 217.7 atm
• Normal melting point – 273K or 0°C at 1 atm
• Normal boiling point – 373K or 100°C at 1 atm
• The melting/freezing curve slants backwards or has negative slope
because solid ice is less dense than liquid water. This means that the
melting point of water lowers as the pressure becomes higher.
Phase Diagram of Carbon Dioxide
• Triple Point – -56.4°C and 5.11 atm (above the atmospheric pressure)
• Critical Point – 31.1°C and 73.0 atm
• Normal sublimation point – -75.5°C at 1 atm
• Carbon dioxide cannot exists as liquid at pressure below the triple
point.
• The melting and freezing curve has a positive slope or leaning forward
because solid carbon dioxide is denser than liquid carbon dioxide.
Interpreting Phase Diagrams
• Observe the phase diagram of a certain substance
then answer the question that follows
•1.  What is the normal melting point of this substance? -
2. What is the normal boiling point of this substance? -
3. What is the normal freezing point of this substance? -
4. What phase of this substance will exists at 1.75 500°C and 1.75 atm
condition? – Liquid
5. What area represents the solid phase of the substance? – A
6. What area represents the liquid phase of the substance? – B
7. What area represents the gaseous phase? – C
8. At what temperature-pressure condition will the triple point of this
substance occur? 0.70 atm and 80°C
9. At what phase is the substance at 0.20 atm and 0°C? – Gas
10. What is the condition of pressure-temperature at the critical point?
- 1.55 atm and 800°C
11. Is the density of the solid substance greater than the solid
substance? - Yes, because the slope of the solid-liquid line is leaning
forward
12. If a quantity of this substance was at an initial pressure of 1.00 atm
and temperature of 35°C was increased to a temperature of 300°C,
what phase change would occur? Sublimation
13. If a quantity of this substance was at an initial pressure of 1.20 atm
and temperature of 350°C was decreased to a temperature of
-100°C, what phase change would occur? – Freezing or solidification

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