MUSIC9

MUSIC OF MEDIEVAL
RENNAISSANCE AND
BAROQUE
S TA R T T O P R E S E N TAT I O N
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MEDIEVAL MUSIC
500 - 1400 AD
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MEDIEVAL
The term Medieval music encompasses European
RENAISSANCE
music written during the Middle Ages. This era begins
BAROQUE with the fall of the Roman Empire (476 AD) and ends
ELEMENTS
in approximately the middle of the 14th century.
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RENAISSANCE MUSIC
14OO - 1600 AD
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MEDIEVAL
Renaissance music is music written in
RENAISSANCE
Europe during the Renaissance.
BAROQUE
Consensus among music historians–with
ELEMENTS
notable dissent–has been to start the era
around 1400,
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BAROQUE MUSIC
1600 – 1740 AD
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MEDIEVAL Derived from the Portuguese barroco, or “oddly
shaped pearl,” the term “baroque” has been
RENAISSANCE
widely used since the nineteenth century to
BAROQUE describe the period in Western European art
ELEMENTS music from about 1600 to 1750.
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MUSIC ANALYSIS
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MOVEMENT STYLE

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MEDIEVAL

RENAISSANCE

BAROQUE

ELEMENTS
FUNCTION OF MOOD C U LT U R E
MUSIC

GROUP ACTIVITY
 Characteristics
Aspects
MODULE 1 Medieval Renaissance MUSIC Baroque
GRADE 9
Age of Early Musical Golden Age of Vocal
Label Age of Musical Grandiosity
Experimentations Polyphony
- Humanism
Home Basis Latin liturgy - Mannerism Barocco
- Reformation
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Your Library - use of neumes in - establishment of major

notation and minor tonality
Playlist - development of the
- use of word painting - experiment on the
musical staff mixing of genre
Development - development of - emphasis is on the
- exaggeration of the prior
MEDIEVAL capturing of emotion
tropes and polyphony developments of music
and imagery of the text
- establishing a new - emergence of virtuosos
RENAISSANCE system of music called - formalization of bel
isorhythm canto
BAROQUE

ELEMENTS
- sacred (given
- sacred
Functions mostly religious importance)
- secular
- secular
- lute
- pipe organ
- lute - orchestral musical
Musical Instruments - recorder
- organs
- clavichord
instruments
- viol instruments
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Rhythm Flowing flowing MUSIC GRADE 9
Melody free meter cantus firmus
varied depending on
varied depending the musical form
Home Form through-composed on the form of
music
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Timbre Vocal emphasis)
- instrumental - instrumental
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MEDIEVAL
systematic and varied
Dynamics not yet systematic started to be depending on the
RENAISSANCE systematic
musical form
BAROQUE
varied depending
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Tempo mostly slow on the form of
music varied depending on
Texture Monophonic polyphonic the form of music

Harmony Diatonic depends on the

form of music
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MEDIEVAL

RENAISSANCE

BAROQUE

ELEMENTS
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What are the musical forms that had innovated by the musicians
during the Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque periods?
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Playlist A. Medieval Musical Forms. This period marks the

MEDIEVAL
experimentation of the musical system prompting the
creation of the following musical forms.
RENAISSANCE  
BAROQUE Chant. It is a monophonic sacred from used as the
earliest music of the Christian church. These forms
ELEMENTS
from places in Europe were all developed to support
the regional liturgies used when celebrating the
Mass.
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Liturgical Drama. It is a European musical tradition in the early
Middle Ages. In its original form, it shows Roman drama with
Playlist Christian stories such as the Gospel, the Passion, and lives of
saints – granted on. These were believed to be performed by
MEDIEVAL traveling actors and musicians.
RENAISSANCE
 
Goliard Music. It refers to the songs composed and performed
BAROQUE by the traveling poet-musicians from Europe from the 10th to
mid-13th century called Goliards.
ELEMENTS
 
Troubadour Music. It refers to the music composed and
performed by Troubadours. Troubadours compose and perform
old Occitan poetry in the Middle Ages. This tradition started in
Occitania, late century. According to Dante Alighieri, troubadour
lyric musical, poetical, and rhetorical fiction.
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B. Renaissance Musical Forms. This period is marked by an
Playlist early system of writing music. The musical forms can be
MEDIEVAL classified into two: sacred and secular.
 
RENAISSANCE Sacred Musical Forms. These musical forms are performed for
religious purposes.
BAROQUE

ELEMENTS Mass. It is a form of sacred musical composition. It is a choral

composition that sets consistent parts of Eucharistic liturgy. This
pertains mainly to the Catholic church. Generally, these musical
forms are settings of liturgy in Latin, the liturgical sacred
language of the Catholic Church’s Roman liturgy. Musical masses
take their name from the Catholic liturgy called “the Mass”.
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Motet. It is a short polyphonic musical composition that is
Playlist typically set in Latin text characterized as having cascading,
MEDIEVAL passing chords between multiple voices.
 
RENAISSANCE Secular. These musical forms are performed for non-religious
purposes.
BAROQUE
 
ELEMENTS Madrigal. It is a vocal composition that combines homophonic
and polyphonic lectures. It is a piece for several voices set to a
short poem, usually about love. It began around 1520 and
differs from the motet in its often use of word painting and
unusual harmonies.
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Baroque Musical Forms. The baroque period is characterized by
Playlist musical grandiosity. The musical forms of this era can be
MEDIEVAL classified into two: vocal and instrumental music.
 
RENAISSANCE Vocal. These musical forms are mainly performed showing vocal
prowess. These musical forms are categorized into two (2):
BAROQUE
single-movement and multi-movement.
ELEMENTS
Single Movement Musical Forms. These musical forms are
characterized to only have one (1) movement. The movement
refers to the structure of the music.
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Chorale. It tends to be simple, and tunes can be sung. The words to
Playlist which they are sung and generally to a rhyming scheme and are in a
strophic form.
MEDIEVAL
 
RENAISSANCE Aria. It is a song for a solo voice and accompaniment in which the vocal
part is written in a complex style.
BAROQUE  
Arioso. It is often used after a recitative. It is also a work for solo voice
ELEMENTS and accompaniment written in a style between that of a recitative and
aria.
 
Lied. It applies to works for voice and accompaniment, usually in
simple, homophonic style and in binary or ternary form.
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Multi-movement Musical Forms. These musical forms are characterized to have two (2) or more
Playlist movements.
 
MEDIEVAL
Cantata. It is a vocal composition with an instrumental accompaniment, typically in several
RENAISSANCE movements often involving a choir.
 
BAROQUE Opera. It is a drama song with instrumental accompaniment and presented with appropriate
scenery, costumes, and staging.
ELEMENTS  
Oratorio. It is a composition including an orchestra, a choir, and soloists.
 
Mass. These are different from Renaissance masses in that they have orchestral accompaniment,
sections for vocal solos or ensembles, and in general a more dramatic, almost operatic character.
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Instrumental Music. These musical forms are mainly performed without any vocal element.
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Single Movement
Playlist Fugue. It is a compositional technique (in classical music) in two or more voices built on a subject
(theme) that is introduced at the beginning in imitation (repetition at different pitches) and recurs
MEDIEVAL frequently during the composition.
 
RENAISSANCE Fantasia. It is a musical composition with its roots in the art of improvisation. Because of this, it
seldom approximates the textbook's rules of any strict musical form (as with the impromptu).
BAROQUE  
ELEMENTS Ricercare. It is an instrumental composition of the Late Renaissance and early Baroque. It may
explore the variation of a given theme.
 
Toccata. It is a virtuoso piece of music typically for a keyboard or plucked string instrument
featuring fast-moving, lightly fingered, or otherwise virtuosic passages or sections, with or without
imitative or fugal interludes, generally emphasizing the dexterity of the performer’s fingers.
 
Prelude. It is a short piece of music, the form of which may vary from piece to piece.
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Multi-movement
Your Library Concerto Grosso. It is a form of Baroque music in which the musical material is passed between a
small group of soloists (the concertino) and a full orchestra (the ripieno or concerto grosso).
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Suite. It is an important Baroque instrumental form for the solo harp, clavichord, or orchestral
MEDIEVAL instruments (often containing Allemande, Courante, Sarabande, Gigue, or the basic sets of dance
movements.
RENAISSANCE  
Sonata da Chiesa (Church Sonata). It is a composition in several movements in alternating slow and
BAROQUE fast tempos. It is serious in character and polyphonic in texture.
ELEMENTS  
Sonata da Camera (Chamber Sonata). It is a composite instrumental work based on dance forms. It
is lighter than the Sonata da Chiesa with more emphasis on homophonic texture.
 
Solo Concerto. It is a work for one solo instrument, such as harpsichord, violin, or flute with
orchestral accompaniment, usually strings and continuo. It is customarily in three movements in
varying tempos: fast-slow-fast.
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Medieval Period. This period in the early era in which music started to be systematized. Here are
some of the unique performance practices of the period.
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- The chants are used in religious services inside a synagogue and performed by males.
MEDIEVAL - The chants are performed in impersonal, non-emotional quality, and served in religious than
aesthetic or emotional purposes.
RENAISSANCE - The chants are performed in acapella.
- The Goliard music is performed by the traveling poet-musicians of Europe from the 10 th to mid-13th
BAROQUE century
- The troubadour music is performed by performers called troubadours who traveled throughout
ELEMENTS
Europe in performing music
- The liturgical dramas are performed in front of the church. However, as their popularity increased,
the performer started to be sung in vernacular instead of Latin. Ultimately, the liturgical drama
supplied one of the threads that led to the revival of the secular theater.
- Though there were developments in sacred music, the church could not stop the rise of secular
music any more than it could prevent the spread of courtly love.
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periods?
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Renaissance Period. This is the era when there were heightened practices in music due to some
circumstances. Here are some of the unique performance practices.
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Most sacred music is based on Latin liturgy.
MEDIEVAL Most songs are sung in acapella.
The composers were commissioned mostly by the religious congregations.
RENAISSANCE Secular music is usually performed outside the religious venue.
Secular music is performed for specific occasions and social gatherings.
BAROQUE  
Baroque Period. This period aims for perfection and grandiosity. Here are some of the unique
ELEMENTS
performance practices of the era.
The music is performed with great virtuosity, vivid technical skills, and personal style.
Some music is performed inside a religious chamber and stage for elite performances.
Some singers have established a formal way of singing – bel canto.
Some composers were commissioned by the Roman Catholic church and elite people.
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Who are the popular music composers during the Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque periods?
The development of music gives credit to the people who made contributions. Here are the
Home following individual and group entities who made significant contributions to music development.
 
Search Medieval. Here are some individuals and groups of people who made significant contributions
during the Medieval period.
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Goliards. They are traveling poet-musicians of Europe from the 10th to mid-13th century. They are
Playlist mostly scholars and clergymen who wrote and sang in Latin. They were believed to have influenced
MEDIEVAL the troubadour – trouvere traditions which followed. Their poetry is mostly secular, although some
of the songs celebrate religious ideals, some dealt with dishonesty, drunkenness, and are frankly
RENAISSANCE profane.

BAROQUE Troubadours. This is a group of performers which is comprised of musicians who performed
troubadour music and traveled around Europe for performance.
ELEMENTS  
Ambrose. He was a bishop of Milan. He has a powerful influence on the imperial court. He stood
out among the earliest hymn writers as one of the founders of the Western sacred songs. His hymns
were written in Latin which coincided with a new era in the church. Up until the fourth century, the
liturgy of the early church era was in Greek. His Latin hymns were probably meant to be sung
antiphonally, that is, with lines sung alternately between a leader and a chorus.
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Adame de la Halle. He has also known as Adam le Bossu or Adam the Hunchback. He was a French-
Your Library born trouvere, poet, and musician. His literacy and musical works are chansons and poetic debates
(jeux-partis) in the style of the trouveres, polyphonic rhondel, and motets in the style of early
Playlist liturgical polyphony. His musical play entitled, “Le Jue de Robin et Merion”, is considered the earliest
surviving secular French play with music.
MEDIEVAL  
Gauilaume de Machaut (1300-1377). He trained as a priest and musician. He first made his mark as
RENAISSANCE a court official to the King of Bohemia. For his services, he was rewarded with an appointment to
the cathedral in Reims (1377), where he worked for much of the rest of his life. This music circulated
BAROQUE widely in this day largely because he made gifts of his manuscripts to wealthy patrons. Thus, he
became one of the first composers whose works have survived. Reflecting the decline in church
ELEMENTS
music, his output consists mainly of secular love themes.
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Renaissance. Here are some of the music composers who made significant contributions to the
development of music in the Renaissance period.
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Josquin des Prez (1440-1521). He was influential in his day and is now recognized as one of the
Search greatest composers of all time. He was the first important composer to use music expressively so
that the sounds matched the words or text, thereby moving away from the abstract church style of
Your Library the Middle Ages. One of his motets was described at the time as evoking Christ’s suffering in a
manner superior to painting. He also began to organize music in a modern way, using major and
Playlist minor scales with their related harmonies. All in all, he is probably the first Western composer
whose music on first hearing appeals to modern ears.
MEDIEVAL
 
RENAISSANCE Adrian Willaert (1490-1562). He experimented with choral effects. He made his mark on musical
history from his post as chapel master of the cathedral of St. Mark’s in Venice. He is also considered
BAROQUE the founder of the Venetian school of music. Taking advantage of St. Mark’s two organs and the
Venetian practice of blending instruments with voices, he wrote music for two choirs as well. By a
ELEMENTS variety of musical mechanisms, such as alternating and combining voices, contrasting soft and loud,
and arranging echo effects, he created beautiful and expressive sounds that were the ancestor of
the splendid church concertos of the Baroque era. A benefit of Willaert’s innovations was that the
organ was released from its dependence on vocal music. He creates an appealing tapestry of sound
using melismas and imitation but ensuring faultless understanding of the text – the essence of
“modern” sacred polyphony, his legacy.
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Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525-1594). He was an Italian composer. He was the most famous
16th century representative of the Roman School of musical compositions. He has a wide influence
Home on the development of Roman Catholic music. His works can be seen as the total of Renaissance
Polyphony. His compositions were regarded to be very clear, with voice parts were well-balanced
Search and stunningly harmonized. He was able to establish his style called “Palestrinian Style” which was
the smooth style of the 16th-century polyphony. His rules are as follows:
Your Library the flow of music is dynamic, not rigid, and static the melody should contain few leaps between
notes if a leap occurs, it must be small and immediately countered by opposite stepwise motion
Playlist dissonances are either passing note or offbeat, but, if it is on the beat, it is immediately resolved
 
MEDIEVAL
Palestrina was the only composer of this century who consistently followed his own rules. He was
RENAISSANCE also known as the “Savior of Church Music” for the reforms for the Council of Trent.
 
BAROQUE Thomas Morley. He was regarded as the “Father of English Madrigal”. He was the initial and chief
figure in the wholesale transplantation of the Italian madrigal tradition to England. He was
ELEMENTS responsible for the quick assimilation of Italian styles and forms into a burgeoning English tradition.
He translated the Italian canzonet into five natives from alone. In the latter collection, he also
included two art instrumental fantasies, which, though bearing fanciful Italian titles, are marvelous
examples of a new and sprightly English counterpoint. He based his works after Italian models,
paraphrased some, but he outshined these models in harmonic variety and tonal sophistication.
 MODULE 1 MUSIC GRADE 9
Baroque. Here is a list of some composers who made important contributions to the development
of music.
 
Home Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643). He was known for his opera entitled, “Orfeo”. It was based on the
legend of the ancient Greek poet-musician Orpheus. In this composition, he united drama, dance,
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elaborate stage mechanisms, and painted scenery with music. He also wrote melodic arias, or
Your Library songs, for the individual singers, and he increased the opera’s dramatic appeal by concluding each
of its five acts with a powerful chorus. His setting truly mirrored the text, using musical phrases to
serve as aural symbols and thus to enhance the unfolding of events.
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MEDIEVAL Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750). He was regarded as the “Father of German Cantata.” He was
the greatest German composer of his time. He was an organist. At the age of 18, he worked as a
RENAISSANCE musician for the reigning duke’s brother. He became an organist and chamber musician to Duke
Weimar in 1708. For every month of the year, he was assigned to write a church cantata.
BAROQUE  
He was able to write almost 320 cantatas from 1723-1750. His cantatas were classified to be
ELEMENTS
both sacred and secular for choir and soloists, accompanied by a small orchestra. Aside from the
cantatas, he wrote fugues for the harpsichord and organ.
 
Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (1678-1741). He started studying to become a priest at the age of 15. He was
ordained in 1703. Due to his red hair, he was known locally as “il Prete Rosso,” or “the Red Priest”.
His career as a clergyman was short-lived. Health problems prevented him from delivering mass and
drove him to abandon the priesthood shortly after his ordination.
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Home Georg Friedrich Handel (1685-1759). He was considered the greatest oratorio composer in
Germany. He composed operas and oratorios for the theater which were the most important works.
Search Aside from operas and oratorios, instrumental music was also his great contribution to the music
world.
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His compositions can easily be identified by the title of his oratorios with characters from the
Playlist Bible.
MEDIEVAL  
He composed “The Messiah” within 24 days in 1741 and was first performed in Dublin. The
RENAISSANCE choral parts of this oratorio were considered the most beautiful choral composition.
 
BAROQUE His composition “Hallelujah Chorus” which is always sung during Easter was regarded as the
most famous. The contrapuntal or homophonic characteristic makes this choral composition
ELEMENTS different.
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Home What are the historical and cultural backgrounds of the Medieval, Renaissance, and
Baroque periods that contribute to the development of music?
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The musical development is greatly influenced by the happening that happened at a
Your Library specific time. Here are the significant happenings that are believed to have prompted the
development of music.
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Pre-medieval Era. After 284, the Roman Empire underwent a radical transformation,
MEDIEVAL
sparked by political, social, and economic crises that increasingly seemed beyond human
RENAISSANCE control. At the same time, Christianity was made the official state religion, the church
became a prominent feature at all levels of life, and a new cultural ideal emerged that
BAROQUE blended Christian beliefs with Classical humanism. When the empire fell in 476, Roman
ELEMENTS
civilization as a unifying force around the Mediterranean basin came to an end, and
within the power vacuum thus created, three new civilizations gradually emerged:
Byzantium, the West, and Islam. All three civilizations borrowed features from Late Rome,
and, most especially, Byzantium and the West adopted the cultural ideal of interweaving
Christianity and Classical humanism.
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Home Medieval. The following are the significant historical and cultural backgrounds that had
happened during the Medieval Period.
Search Music became integral to the church liturgy and kept alive the Greek heritage of music as an
art form. From this religious foundation ultimately arose all the sacred and secular music of
Your Library the modern West.

Playlist • This marked the rise of polyphony – two lines of melody sounded at the same time.
• The music to be practiced not just by aristocratic poets but also by middle-class minstrels
MEDIEVAL
and the new musical instruments.
RENAISSANCE • The momentous political, social, and economic changes were reflected in cultural interests.
• Theologians, writers, and architects worked to harmonize the two opposing trends of the
BAROQUE time, the secular and the spiritual.
• The late Middle Ages is “calamitous” as believed by the modern historian. These historians
ELEMENTS
believed that the biblical apocalypse had arrived, attended by plague, famine, and war.
• In the Late Middle Ages, the church had to relinquish its dream of a united Christendom
when faced with the reality of warring European states. The church. In disgrace and
disarray for much of this period, was unable to provide moral or political leadership.
 MODULE 1 MUSIC GRADE 9

Renaissance. The following are the important happenings that made influences the
Home development of music.
In the 1860s, Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt, agreeing with the fifteenth-century Italians,
Search asserted that the Renaissance was a rebirth of ideas after centuries of cultural stagnation. He
maintained that a new way of understanding the world had emerged, as the Italians looked
Your Library back to ancient Greece and Rome for inspiration and declared themselves part of a revitalized
civilization that was distinctive and superior to the immediate past.
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MEDIEVAL
- The changes affecting the cultural life of fifteenth-century Europe naturally also affected the
music of the time. The impetus for a new musical direction, however, did not spring from
RENAISSANCE Classical sources, because ancient musical texts had virtually perished. Instead, the new music
owed its existence to meetings between English and Continental composers at the church
BAROQUE councils that were called to settle the Great Schism and the Continental composers’ deep
regard for the seductive sound of English music.
ELEMENTS
- The High Renaissance (1494-1520) was the first phase of this creative period and was a time
when the Classical principles of beauty, balance, order, serenity, harmony, and rational design
reached a state of near perfection. The center of culture shifted from Florence, the heart of
the Early Renaissance, to Rome, where the popes became the leading patrons of the new style
in their desire to make Rome the world’s most beautiful city. Florence event had to yield the
services of Michelangelo, its favorite sone, to the wealthy and powerful Roman pontiffs.
 MODULE 1 MUSIC GRADE 9

Baroque. The following happenings brought significant developments to music during this era.
Home As the Roman Catholic Church pursued its goal of eradicating Protestantism, and as powerful
sovereign secular states became established in Europe, a new age – the Baroque – dawned in the
Search early seventeenth century. It was a period characterized by grandeur, opulence, and expanding
horizons.
Your Library The Baroque also offered secular rulers a magnificence and vastness that enhanced their political
power.
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Art became a propagandistic tool in a way that the individualistic Mannerist art of the previous
MEDIEVAL period – with its focus on the distorted and the eccentric – never was.
This period was an era of constant turmoil, and until the midcentury, Europe was plagued by
RENAISSANCE religious warfare, a legacy of Reformation. The conflicts of the second half of the century have
secular motivations: territorial expansion and the race for overseas empire.
BAROQUE

ELEMENTS The seventeenth century was also a period of great scientific discoveries and intellectual change.
Because the Scientific Revolution, as this intellectual movement is called, so keenly influenced the
making of the modern world.
Unlike Renaissance, when a single musical sound prevailed, the Baroque had no single musical
ideal. Nonetheless, four trends during the era give its music distinctive qualities.
 MODULE 1 MUSIC GRADE 9

First, the development of major and minor tonality, which had been prefigured in Josquin des Prez’s
music in the early 1500s, was a central feature of the works of this time, making it the first stage in
the rise of modern music.
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Second, the mixing of the genre, which has been noted in the literature and the arts, also occurred
in Baroque music.
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Third, the expressiveness that had entered music in the late 1500s now became even more
exaggerated, being used to stress the meanings and emotions, in the musical texts that otherwise
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might not have been heard.
Fourth, there was an age of virtuosos, master musicians, especially singers, who performed with
Playlist great technical skills and vivid personal styles, and of a growing variety of musical instruments. The
MEDIEVAL
musical form that drew these trends together was the opera, making it the quintessential symbol of
the age.
RENAISSANCE
Opera became immensely popular in Europe, especially in Italy, where it remains so today. By 1750,
BAROQUE opera houses had been built in major cities. Venice led the way with more than a dozen of
establishments. The rise of Opera in Italy during the 1600s, like the founding of a commercial theater in
ELEMENTS London in the 1500s, presaged the downfall of the aristocratic patronage system and the emergence of
entertainments with mass appeal.
For a handful of scholars, the balance tipped from traditional ideas to modern views. These early modern
scientists and philosophers countered faith with reason, dogma with skepticism, and divine intervention
with natural law. They made mathematics their guiding star in the search for truth, accepting true things
that could be proven eventually concluded that the universe was like a great clock that operated
according to universal laws. Although we today tend to discount this clockwork image, we still owe a debt
to these thinkers, who set the Western culture on its present course and brought modernity into being.
 Teacher mong Pogi

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