Chapter 4: Chemical Composition of Cell Chapter 4: Chemical Composition of Cell
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RAJANANTHINI PUSHPANATHANChapter 4: Chemical Composition of Cell Chapter 4: Chemical Composition of Cell
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RAJANANTHINI PUSHPANATHANCHAPTER
CHAPTER 4:
4: CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION OF OF CELL
CELL
Prepared by, Ms.Raja
ELEMENTS IN CELL
• Common elements – oxygen, carbon,
hydrogen & nitrogen
• Other elements – sulphur, phosphorus,
calcium, potassium, magnesium,
chlorine, sodium & iron
• Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen,
sulphur, phosphorus
– Combined each other to form chemical
compounds
- Example
1. Chemical compounds
- carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, nucleic acid & water
2. sulphur, phosphorus, calcium,
potassium, magnesium, chlorine,
sodium & iron
- Exists as ions in cell
CHEMICAL
COMPOUNDS
ORGANIC INORGANIC
COMPOUND COMPOUND
Chemical compounds Chemical compounds
that contain the that do not contain
element carbon element carbon
Eg: carbohydrates, Eg: water
lipids, proteins, nucleic
acid
IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
Provide energy Build cell walls in
during respiration plant cells
CARBOHYDRATES
Form external Stored food in the
skeletons of form of glycogen in
insects liver & muscles, as
starch in plant cells
Protects
Form phospholipid organs & its
bilayer heat insulator
Stored product –
adipose tissue in
animals & fats or
Source of
oils in seeds
energy
LIPIDS
Synthesise Solvent for
steroid vitamin A,D,E,K
hormones
including sex Produce liver
hormones bile – digestion
of fats
Form str Form connective Form
of cell – eg: tissue – eg: protein
cytoplasm tendons, ligaments, molecules
muscle in plasma
membrane
Synthesise
Build up
antibodies
Proteins muscles
for
movement
Form
haemoglobin
Synthesise enzymes
& hormones to
Produce new
control chemical
cells
processes
RNA Nucleic acid DNA
Nucleic acids
Carry genetic Determine
information traits
Direct
control all the core protein
activities synthesis
Transport
Major medium
component of
protoplasm Allows
chemical
changes
Solvent to
water
dissolve
respiration
As medium for
gases & allow
biochemical
diffusion
reactions
To provide support -
esp non-woody plants
(cells are turgid)
Carbohydrates – carbon,
hydrogen & oxygen
CARBOHYDRATE
types
MONOSACCHARIDE DISACCHARIDE POLYSACCHARIDE
MONOSACCHARIDES
• Basic building blocks of carbohydrates
• Simple sugars – glucose, fructose,
galactose
• Reducing sugars
– Detected by using Benedict’s test
– Color changes blue to green, yellow,
orange & finally brick red precipitate is
produced
DISACCHARIDES
• Complex sugars
• Consists of two monosaccharides – by
condensation & a water molecule
produced
condensation
Monosaccharide + monosaccharide Disaccharide +
water
• Eg: Maltose, sucrose, lactose
• Reducing sugars except sucrose
Glucose + glucose Maltose + water
Glucose + fructose sucrose + water
Glucose + galactose lactose + water
condensation
Maltose + water Glucose + glucose
sucrose + water Glucose + fructose
lactose + water Glucose + galactose
hydrolysis
POLYSACCHARIDE
• Large complex sugars
• Consists of many monosaccharides –
joined together by condensation –
form long chains of simple sugars
called polymers
• Eg: starch, glycogen, cellulose
• Starch – produced by plants as a
form of food storage
• Glycogen – formed by animals as a
means of storing glucose
• Cellulose – structural polysaccharide
in plant cell