CLASSIFICATION OF PISTON

ENGINE COMPONENTS
ENGINE PARTS
 Cylinder block
 Cylinder head
 Crank case
 Piston
 Piston rings
 Piston pin
 Intake and exhaust valv e
 Camshaft
 Crankshaft
 Timing gears
 CYLINDER BLOCK
 Cast iron
 Aluminum alloy

Water jacket
CYLINDER BLOCK
 LINER
 Cast steel
 Cast iron

 Press fit
 CYLINDER HEAD
 Aluminum alloy
 Cast iron

 (combustion chamber)hemisphere
CYLINDER HEAD
VALVE OR TAPPET CLEARANCE

Spring
retainer
 CRANK CASE
 Cast iron
 Cast steel
CRANK CASE
CRANK CASE
 PISTON
 Aluminum alloy
 Cast iron

 Gudgeon pin

 Forged steel
 Case hardened steel
 PISTON RINGS
 Cast iron
 Pressed steel alloy

 Compression ring

 Oil ring
 CRANK SHAFT
 Forged steel
 Cast steel
 CAM SHAFT
 Forged steel
 Cast iron and cast steel

 Push rod

• Forged steel
• High speed (X)
CAMSHAFT
 SOHC AND DOHC
 Forged steel
 Cast iron and cast steel
 CONNECTING ROD
 Forged steel
 Aluminum alloy
CONTD.
 VALVES
 Forged steel
 Cast alloy

 Opening Camshaft

 Closing spring
 GEAR TIMING
 Timing belt drive
 Timing gear drive

 Timing chain drive

BELT TIMING
FLYWHEEL
 Cast iron
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

 No of strokes per cycle(Two  No of cylinders

or Four)
 Arrangement of cylinders
 Type of fuel burned
 Arrangement of valves and
 Method of ignition
valve trains
 Firing order
 Type of cooling
 Reciprocating or rotary
POSITION ARRANGEMENT &
NUMBER OF CYLINDERS

 Single Cylinder
 Inline Cylinders
 V Engine
 ‰Opposed Cylinder Engine
 ‰W Engine
 ‰Opposed Piston Engine
 ‰Radial Engine
ARRANGEMENT OF CYLINDERS
 ARRANGEMENT OF CYLINDERS
Single cylinder:
Engine has one cylinder and piston connected to the crankshaft.

‰In-Line:
Cylinders are positioned in a straight
line, one behind the other along
the length of the crankshaft. Number of
cylinders may vary from 2 to 11 or even more. In- line four-
cylinder engines are very common
for automobiles. In-line engines are also referred to as straight
 ARRANGEMENT OF
CYLINDERS
V Engine:
Two banks of cylinders at an angle with each other along a single crankshaft.
The angle between the banks of cylinders is usually within 60-90. V engines
have even numbers of cylinders ranging from 2 to 20 or more. V6 and V8
are the common engines with six and eight cylinders respectively.

Opposed Cylinder Engine:

Two banks of cylinders opposite to each other on a single crankshaft. These
are mostly used in small aircraft and some automobiles with an even
number of cylinders from two to eight or more. These engines are
also called flat engines such as flat four.
 ARRANGEMENT OF CYLINDERS
W Engine:
Similar to that of V engine except with three banks of cylinders on
the same crankshaft. This type of arrangement has been used in some
racing cars.

Opposed Piston Engine:

Two pistons in each cylinder with the combustion chamber located
centrally between the pistons. A single-combustion process causes
two power strokes at the same time, with each piston being pushed
away from the center and delivering power to a separate crankshaft
at each end of the cylinder Engine output is either on two rotating
crankshafts or on one crankshaft incorporating a complex mechanic
linkage.
 ARRANGEMENT OF CYLINDERS
Radial Engine:

Engine with pistons positioned in a circular plane around the central

crankshaft. The connecting rods of the pistons are connected to
the crankshaft through a master rod. A bank of cylinders
on a radial engine always has an odd number of cylinders ranging
from 3 to 13 or more Many medium-and large-size
propeller-driven aircraft use radial engines. For large
aircraft, two or more banks of cylinders are
mounted together, one behind the other
THREE CYLINDER ENGINE
FOUR CYLINDER ENGINE(INLINE)

4 cylinder in line.mp4
FOUR CYLINDER ENGINE(V TYPE)

4 cylinder v type.mp4
FOUR CYLINDER ENGINE(OPPOSED)

• Balanci
• Less
ng
• Subar
inertia
• u
Aerodyna
c
mi
drag
FIVE CYLINDER ENGINE(INLINE)

5 cylinder.mp4
SIX CYLINDER ENGINE
8 CYLINDER ENGINE(V TYPE)

8 cylinder.mp4
W TYPE
RADIAL TYPE
ROTARY(WANKEL TYPE)
ROTARY(WANKEL
TYPE)
VALVE LOCATIONS

 ‰

Valves in head (overhead valve), also called I-head engine

.
‰
Valves in block (flat head), also called L-head engine. Some
historic engines with valves in block had the intake valve on one side
of the
cylinder, and the exhaust valve on the other side. These were called T-
head engines.
‰
One valve in head (usually intake) and one in block, also called F-
head engine
.
TYPE OF COOLING

Air Cooled‰
Liquid Cooled/Water
Cooled
NO OF STROKES

‰
Four Stroke Cycle Experiences 4 strokes
of the Piston movements over 2 revolutions
of the crankshaft
‰
Two Stroke Cycle Experiences 2 strokes
of the Piston movements over 1 revolution
of the crankshaft
FUEL USED

Using volatile fuels like gasoline, alcohol, kerosene ‰

Using gaseous fuels like natural gas, biogas
‰
Using viscous fuels like diesel
‰
Using dual fuel
methanol (suction stroke) + diesel (comp. stroke) –CI
Engine
–gasoline + alcohol (gasohol)
METHOD OF IGNITION

Spark Ignition:
An SI engine starts the combustion process in each cycle
by use of a spark plug. In early engine development,
before the invention of the electric spark plug, many forms
of torch of torch holes were used to
initiate combustion form an external flame.
‰
Compression Ignition:
The combustion process in a CI engine starts when the
air-fuel mixture self-ignites due to high temperature in the
combustion chamber caused by high compression
.
FIRING ORDER

Firing order 1 3 4 2
 Details of Starting the Engine-P.E
•Before starting an aircraft engine:
•Position the aircraft to head into the prevailing wind
to ensure adequate airflow over the engine for cooling
purposes.
•Make sure that no property damage or personal
injury occurs from the propeller blast
•If external electrical power is used for starting, ensure
that it can be removed safely, and it is sufficient for the
total starting sequence.
•During any and all starting procedures, a “fireguard”
equipped with a suitable fire extinguisher shall be stationed
in an appropriate place. A fireguard is someone familiar with
aircraft starting procedures. The fire extinguisher should be a
CO2 extinguisher of at least 5-pound capacity. The
appropriate place is adjacent to the outboard side of the
engine, in view of the pilot, and also where he or she can
observe the engine/aircraft for indication of starting
problems.
•If the aircraft is turbine-engine powered, the area in front of
the jet inlet must be kept clear of personnel, property, and/or
debris (FOD).
•These “before starting” procedures apply to all aircraft
powerplants.
•Follow manufacturer’s checklists for start procedures and
shutdown procedures.
•Reciprocating Engines
•The following procedures are typical of those used to start
reciprocating engines.
•The various covers (wing, tail, flight deck, wheel, and so
forth) protecting the aircraft must be removed before
attempting to turn the engine
•Before starting a radial engine that has been shut down for
more than 30 minutes, check the ignition switch for off.
Turn the propeller three or four complete revolutions by
hand to detect a hydraulic lock,
•To start the engine, proceed as follows:
•Turn the auxiliary fuel pump on, if the aircraft is so
equipped.
•Place the mixture control to the position recommended for
the engine and carburetor combination being started.
•Open the throttle to a position that provides 1,000 to 1,200
rpm (approximately 1⁄8" to 1⁄2" from the “closed” position).
•Leave the pre-heat or alternate air (carburetor air) control
in the “cold” position to prevent damage and fire in case of
backfire
•Move the primer switch to “on” intermittently
•Energize the starter and after the propeller has made at
least two complete revolutions, turn the ignition switch on.
•After the engine is operating smoothly, move the mixture
control to the “full rich” position if started in the “idle
cutoff” position. Carbureted engines are already in the rich
mixture position. Check for oil pressure gauge, exhaust gas
temperature gauge, and fuel flow gauge.
 PRINCIPLES OF CARBURETION

•The purpose of carburetion, or fuel metering, is to provide the

combustible mixture of fuel and air necessary for the operation of an
engine.
 TYPES

•FLOAT-TYPE CARBURETORS
•PRESSURE TYPE CARBURETORS
 FLOAT-TYPE
CARBURETORS

•The carburetor consists essentially of a main air passage

through which the engine draws its supply of air,
mechanisms to control the quantity of fuel discharged in
relation to the flow of air, and a means for regulating the
quantity of F/A mixture delivered to the engine cylinders.
The essential parts of a float-type carburetor are
(1)The float mechanism and its chamber,
(2)the strainer, (3) the main metering system, (4) the
idling system, (5) the economizer (or power enrichment)
system, (6) the accelerating system, and (7) the mixture
control system.
 FLOAT TYPE
CARBURETOR