PART TWO

CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINES
 Classification of IC Engines
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 Engines can be classified according to the following criterion

1. Application
2. Basic Engine Design
3. Working Cycle
4. Valve/Port Design and Location
5. Fuel
6. Mixture Preparation
7. Ignition
8. Stratification of Charge
9. Engine Operating Cycle
10. Combustion Chamber Design
11. Method of Load Control
12. Cooling
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1. APPLICATION
 Automotive
 Locomotive
 Light Aircraft
 Marine
 Power Generation
 Agricultural
 Earthmoving
 Home Use
 Others
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2. BASIC ENGINE DESIGN

I. Reciprocating
(a) Single Cylinder
(b) Multi-cylinder
i. In-line
ii. H, U,V,W, K, X & ∆
iii. Radial
iv. Opposed cylinder
v. Opposed piston
II. Rotary
(a) Single Rotor
(b) Multi-rotor
 Classification of IC Engines

U Engines H Engines K Engines

 Multi Cylinder Engine
Configuration
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Inline Inline
Multi Cylinder Engine
Configuration
Flat-boxer
Flat
 Multi Cylinder Engine
Configuration
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V
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a. Single Cylinder

- Engine has one cylinder and piston connected to the

crankshaft.

b. In line
- Cylinders are positioned in a straight line, one behind the
other along the length of the crankshaft. They can
consist of 2 to 11 cylinders or possibly more.

- In-line four cylinder engines are very common for

automobile and other applications. In-line engines are
sometimes called straight. (e.g. Straight six or straight
eight).
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c. V Engine

- Two banks of cylinders at an

angle with each other along
a single crankshaft.

- The angle between the

banks of cylinders can be
anywhere from 15° to 120°,
with 60°-90° being
common. V engines have
even numbers of cylinders
from 2 to 20 or more.
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d. Opposed Cylinder Engine

- Two banks of cylinders opposite

each other on a single crankshaft
(a V engine with a 180°V).

- These are common on small

aircraft and some automobiles
with an even number of cylinders
from two to eight or more. These
engines are often called flat
engines (e.g., flat four).
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e. W Engine

- Same as a V engine except with

three banks of cylinders on the
same crankshaft.

- Not common, but some have been

developed for racing automobiles,
both modern and historic.

- Usually 12 cylinders with about a

60° angle between each bank.
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f. Opposed Piston Engine

- Two pistons in each cylinder with the

combustion chamber in the center
between the pistons.

- A single-combustion process causes two

power strokes at the same time, with
each piston being pushed away from the
center and delivering power to a
separate crankshaft at each end of the
cylinder.

- Engine output is either on two rotating

crankshafts or on one crankshaft
incorporating complex mechanical
linkage.
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g. Radial Engine

- Engine with pistons positioned in a circular plane around

the central crankshaft.

- The connecting rods of the pistons are connected to a

master rod which, in turn, is connected to the
crankshaft.

- A bank of cylinders on a radial engine always has an odd

number of cylinders ranging from 3 to 13 or more.
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 Radial Engine
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Wankel (Rotary Piston Engine)

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3. OPERATING CYCLE

 Otto (For the Conventional SI Engine)

 Atkinson (For Complete Expansion SI Engine)
 Miller (For Early or Late Inlet Valve Closing type SI
Engine)
 Diesel (For the Ideal Diesel Engine)
 Dual (For the Actual Diesel Engine)
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4. METHOD OF INCREASING
INLET PRESSURE (POWER
BOOSTING)
1. Naturally Aspired
- No intake air pressure
boost system
2. Supercharger
- Intake air pressure
increased with the
compressor driven off of
the engine crankshaft.
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3. Turbocharged

- Intake air pressure increased with the turbine-

compressor driven by the engine exhaust gases.
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4. Crankcase Compressed

- Two Stroke cycle engine which uses the crankcase as

the intake air compressor.

- Limited development work has also been done on

design and construction of four stroke cycle engines
with crankcase compression.
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5. VALVE/PORT DESIGN AND LOCATION

Design

1. Poppet Valve
2. Rotary Valve
3. Reed Valve
4. Piston Controlled Porting

Location

1. The T-head
2. The L-head
3. The F-head
4. The I-head:
(i) Over head Valve (OHV)
(ii) Over head Cam (OHC)
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 According to the arrangement of the intake and exhaust

valves, whether the valves are located in the cylinder head or
cylinder block.
L-HEAD

 The intake and the exhaust

valves are both located on the same
side of the piston and cylinder.

 The valve operating mechanism

is located directly below the valves,
and one camshaft actuates both the
intake and the exhaust valves
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I-HEAD
 The intake and the exhaust
valves are both mounted in a
cylinder head directly above the
cylinder.
 This arrangement requires a
tappet, a pushrod, and a rocker
arm above the cylinder to reverse
the direction of valve movement.
 Although this configuration is
the most popular for current
gasoline and diesel engines.
 It was rapidly superseded by
the overhead camshaft.
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F-HEAD
 The intake valves are
normally located in the head,
while the exhaust valves are
located in the engine block.

 The intake valves in the head

are actuated from the camshaft
through tappets, pushrods, and
rocker arms.

 The exhaust valves are

actuated directly by tappets on
the camshaft.
 Classification of IC Engines
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The intake and the

exhaust valves are located
on opposite sides of the
cylinder in the engine block,
each requires their own
camshaft.
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6. FUEL
1.Conventional 3. Blending

(a) Crude oil derived 4. Dual fueling

(i) Petrol
(ii) Diesel

2. Alternate

(b) Bio-mass Derived (i) Alcohols (methyl and ethyl)

(ii) Vegetable oils
(iii) Producer gas and biogas
(iv) Hydrogen
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7. MIXTURE PREPARATION
1. Carburetion
2. Fuel Injection
(i) Diesel
(ii) Gasoline

(a) Port
(b) Cylinder
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8. BASED ON TYPE OF IGNITION

1. Spark Ignition (SI)

 The engine starts the combustion process in each cycle

by use of a spark plug.

2. Compression Ignition (CI)

 The combustion process in a CI engine starts when the

air-fuel mixture self-ignites due to high temperature in
the combustion chamber caused by high compression.
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9. BASED ON ENGINE CYCLE

1. Four-Stroke Cycle

 A four-stroke cycle experiences four piston

movements over two engine revolutions of each
cycle

2. Two-Stroke Cycle

 A two-stroke cycle has two piston movements over

one revolution for each cycle
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10. METHOD OF LOAD CONTROL

Throttling
1.

- To keep mixture strength constant

- Also called Charge Control Used in the Carbureted SI Engine

Fuel Control
2.

- To vary the mixture strength according to load, used in the CI Engine

Combination
3.

- Used in the Fuel-injected SI Engine.

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11. COOLING

1. Direct Air-cooling

2. Indirect Air-cooling (Liquid Cooling)

3. Low Heat Rejection (Semi-adiabatic) engine.