Chapter 4:

Internet of Things (IoT)

10/16/2021
By Getie T 1
 Outline

 Overview of the Internet of things (IoT)

 Advantages and disadvantages

 Architecture of IOT
 IoT tools and platforms

 Sample Applications of IoT.

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 Overview of IoT

The important features of IoT include artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors, active
engagement, and small device use.

 AI − IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”.

 Connectivity − New enabling technologies for networking and specifically IoT networking.

 Sensor- IoT loses its distinction without sensors.

 Active Engagement − IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product, or service
engagement.

 Small Devices −IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision, scalability,
and versatility.

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 What is IOT?
Internet of Things has different definitions according to several
groups.
 According to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) organization’s
definition,

 IoT is the networking of smart objects in which smart objects have some
constraints such as limited bandwidth, power, and processing accessibility for
achieving interoperability among smart objects.

 According to the Oxford dictionary’s definition,

 IoT is the interaction of everyday object’s computing devices through the

Internet that enables the sending and receiving of useful data.

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 …..Cont.
 According to the Internet Architecture Board’s (IAB) definition,
 IoT is the networking of smart objects, meaning a huge number of
devices intelligently communicating in the presence of internet
protocol that cannot be directly operated by human beings but exist as
components in buildings, vehicles or the environment.
 According to the IEEE Communications category magazine’s
definition,
 IoT is a framework of all things that have a representation in the
presence of the internet in such a way that new applications and
services enable the interaction in the physical and virtual world in the
form of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication in the cloud.
 According to the 2020 conceptual framework
 is expressed through a simple formula such as: IoT=
Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors.

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 ….Cont.
Generally, IoT is a network of devices that can sense, accumulate and

transfer data over the internet without any human intervention.

oIoT is “Smart Object Networking”.
oIoT utilizes existing and emerging technology for sensing,
networking, and robotics.

10/16/2021 Figure 4.1 IoT in Different Domains

By Getie T 6
 ….Cont.
Application of IoT
Connected Industry,

Smart-city,

Smart-home,

Smart-energy

Connected Car And Smart Agriculture,

Connected Building And Campus,

Health Care in hospitals

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 History of IOT

 Evolution Of Internet (1995-2015).

 Internet of Things term was first coined by British

pioneer Kevin Ashton in 1999.

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 …Cont.
 IoT − Advantages(pro)
 Improved Customer Engagement:
 Technology Optimization:
 Reduced Waste:IoT makes areas of improvement clear.
 Enhanced Data Collection: Modern data collection suffers from its
limitations and its design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces
and places it exactly where humans really want to go to analyze our world.
It allows an accurate picture of everything.

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 IoT−Disadvantages(con):
 As the no. of connected devices increases and more information is
shared b/n devices, the potential that a hacker could steal confidential
information also increases.
 If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every connected device
will become corrupted.
 Since there’s no international standard of compatibility for IoT, it’s
difficult for devices from different manufacturers to communicate with
each other.

 Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers maybe

even millions of IoT devices and collecting and managing the data

from all those devices will be challenging.

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 How does it work?
 An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices
that use embedded processors, sensors and communication
hardware to collect, send and act on data they acquire from
their environments.

 The devices do most of the work without human

intervention, although people can interact with the devices.

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 Three types of Interactions in IoT

1. Device to Device communication :It model is generally used in

home automation.

2. Device to Cloud communication: It model is used to extend the

capability of device by sending data to cloud for analysis.

3. Device to Gateway communication :A gateway device is used b/n

device and cloud in the device-to-gateway communication model.

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 Architecture of IoT
In general, an IoT device can be explained as a network of
things that consists of hardware, software, network
connectivity, and sensors.

The architecture of IoT devices comprises four major

components:

Sensing, network, data processing, and application layers

(as depicted in Figure below).

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 …Cont.

By Getie T
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 …Cont.
Sensing Layer:
 Use to identify any phenomena in the devices’ peripheral
and obtain data from the real world,
It consists of several sensors.

Sensors in IoT devices can be classified into three broad

categories as : Motion, Environmental & Position Sensors
A. Motion Sensors: measure the change in motion as well as the
orientation of the devices.
There are two types of motions one can observe in a device:
linear and angular motions.

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 ….Cont.
The linear motion refers to the linear displacement of an
IoT device while the angular motion refers to the rotational
displacement of the device.
B. Environmental Sensors: such as Light sensors, Pressure
sensors, etc. are embedded in IoT devices to sense the change
in environmental parameters in the device’s peripheral.
C. Position sensors: devices deal with the physical position
and location of the device.
Most common position sensors used in IoT devices are
magnetic sensors & Global Positioning System sensors.

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 …Cont.
Magnetic sensors are usually used as digital compass and
help to fix the orientation of the device display.
On the other hand, GPS is used for navigation purposes in
IoT devices.
Network Layer: acts as communication channel to transfer
data, collected in the sensing layer, to other connected
devices.
 In IoT devices, the network layer is implemented by using
diverse communication technologies (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
Zigbee, ZWave, LoRa, cellular network, etc.) to allow data
flow b/n other devices within the same network.

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 ….Cont.
Data Processing Layer: takes data collected in the sensing
layer & analyses the data to make decisions based on the
result.

This layer may share the result of data processing with other
connected devices via the network layer.
In some IoT devices (e.g., smart watch, smart home hub, etc.), the data
processing layer also saves the result of the previous analysis to
improve the user experience.

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 …Cont.
Application Layer: Implements and presents the results of
the data processing layer to accomplish d/t applications of IoT
devices.

It is a user-centric layer that executes various tasks for the

users.

There exist diverse IoT applications, which include smart

transportation, smart home, personal care, healthcare, etc.

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 Applications of IoT
 The nature of IoT makes it an attractive option for so many businesses,
organizations, and government branches. Here’s a sample of various
industries, and how IoT can be best applied.
 Agriculture:
 Consumer Use
 Manufacturing
 Transportation
 Utilities
 Healthcare
 Insurance

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 Application of IOT Agriculture
 Monitoring quality of soil in real time.
 Regulating water supply and controlling usage of water
Monitoring and measuring humidity, temperature etc.
 Warehouse monitoring for fire hazards or pests - a lot of crop is
damaged in storage.
 It helps identify sick animals so they can be pulled from the herd,
preventing the spread of disease

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 …Cont.

Fig 4.5 Technical farmer use wife computer control agricultural drone

 Temperature, humidity, light intensity, and soil moisture can be

monitored through various sensors.

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 Consumer Use
 For private citizens, IoT devices in the form of wearables and smart
homes make life easier. Wearables cover accessories such as
smartphones, Apple watches, health monitors, to name a few.

 These devices improve entertainment, network connectivity, health,

and fitness.

 Security is made more accessible as well, with the consumer having

the ability to control appliances and lights remotely, as well as
activating a smart lock to allow the appropriate people to enter the
house even if they don’t have a key

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Healthcare
 Wearable IoT devices let hospitals monitor their patients’
health at home, thereby reducing hospital stays while still
providing up to the minute real-time information that could
save lives.

 In hospitals, smart beds keep the staff informed as to the

availability, thereby cutting wait time for free space.

 Sensors can also determine if a patient has fallen or is

suffering a heart attack.

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 Insurance

 Insurance companies can offer their policyholders

discounts for IoT wearables such as Fit bit. By employing
fitness tracking, the insurer can offer customized policies
and encourage healthier habits, which in the long run
benefits everyone, insurer, and customer alike.

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 IoT Based Smart Home
Smart Home initiative allows subscribers to remotely manage and
monitor different home devices from anywhere via smartphones or
over the web with no physical distance limitations.
The concept of a Smart Home has become a reality where all devices
are integrated and interconnected via the wireless network.
These “smart” devices have the potential to share information with
each other given the permanent availability to access the broadband
internet connection.

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 IoT Based Smart Farming
 Green Houses: Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the
production of fruits and vegetables and its quality.

 Compost: Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay, straw,

etc. to prevent fungus and other microbial contaminants.

 Offspring Care: Control of growing conditions of the offspring in animal

farms to ensure its survival and health.

 Field Monitoring: Reducing spoilage and crop waste with better

monitoring, accurate ongoing data obtaining, and management of the
agriculture fields, including better control of fertilizing, electricity and
watering.
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 …
Animal Farming/Tracking: Location and identification of animals
grazing in open pastures or location in big stables, Study of ventilation
and air quality in farms and detection of harmful gases from excrements.

 Cattle monitoring and management: there are IoT agriculture sensors

that can be attached to the animals on a farm to monitor their health
and log performance.

 It helps identify sick animals so they can be pulled from the herd,
preventing the spread of disease.

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 THANK YOU!!!

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