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Aloha Protocol Aloha Protocol

The document discusses medium access control protocols for broadcast networks. It describes the Aloha protocol which allows nodes to transmit immediately whenever they have data. There is no coordination, so collisions can occur. Slotted Aloha improves on this by dividing time into discrete slots and restricting transmissions to slot boundaries, reducing the vulnerable time period for collisions. Both protocols use acknowledgements and retransmissions of packets that are not acknowledged to handle collisions.

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89 views

Aloha Protocol Aloha Protocol

The document discusses medium access control protocols for broadcast networks. It describes the Aloha protocol which allows nodes to transmit immediately whenever they have data. There is no coordination, so collisions can occur. Slotted Aloha improves on this by dividing time into discrete slots and restricting transmissions to slot boundaries, reducing the vulnerable time period for collisions. Both protocols use acknowledgements and retransmissions of packets that are not acknowledged to handle collisions.

Uploaded by

santosh.parsa
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEDIUM ACCESS SUBLAYER

ALOHA PROTOCOL

Contributed by :
Manjit Kaur
R.No.- 1252
Transmission Technology
Transmission technology can be
categorized into two categories :

 Point-to point networks

 Broadcast networks
Point-to-point networks
Point-to-point networks are those in which when a message is
sent from one computer to another, it usually has to be sent via
other computers in the network. A point-to-point network consists
of many connections between individual pairs of computers.
Broadcast networks
Broadcast networks have a single communication channel that is shared by all the
machines on the network. A packet sent by one computer is received by all the
other computers on the network. The packets that are sent contain the address of
the receiving computer; each computer checks this field to see if it matches its
own address. If it does not then it is usually ignored; if it does then it is read.
Broadcast channels are sometimes known as multi-access channel.

Shared channel
Need of protocols in
Broadcast channel
Issues in multi-access channel :

• WHO is going to use the channel ?


• WHEN the channel is going to be used ?
• For HOW much time the channel is used ?

Due to shared channel and unregulated traffic over the


network collisions and data loss occur. Some protocol must
be followed for regulated and safe transmission over the
network.
MEDIUM ACCESS SUBLAYER

MAC (Medium access control sub layer) is a sub layer of Data link
layer. MAC is the bottom part of the Data link layer. The protocols used
to determine who goes next on a multi-access channel belongs to this
layer. Some of the algorithms for allocating multi-access channel are
as
follows:

 Aloha protocol
 Carrier Sense Multiple Access Protocols(CSMA)
 Collision-free protocols :
 Limited contention protocol
 Wireless LAN protocol
 Digital Cellular radio
 In 1970’s ,Norman Abramson and his colleagues at the University
of Hawaii devised a new and elegant method to solve the channel
allocation problem and this method is known as ALOHA SYSTEM

 The basic idea is applicable to any system in which uncoordinated


users are competing for the use of single shared channel.

 There are two versions of Aloha system which differ with respect to
whether or not time is divided up into discrete slots into which all
frames must fit. :

PURE ALOHA

SLOTTED ALOHA
PURE ALOHA
The basic idea on which pure aloha is based upon is : It let users
transmit whenever they have data to be sent.
So there will be collisions ,of course, and the colliding frames will be
damaged. However due to feed back property of broadcasting a
sender can always find out whether its frame was destroyed by
listening to the channel. All the receivers acknowledge the packets
which means that the packet is received and if there is no
acknowledgement from the receiver then the transmission is
assumed to be unsuccessful and the station then retransmits the
packet after random amount of time.

The systems in which multiple users share a common channel


in a
way that can lead to conflict are widely known as contention
systems.
Pure Aloha
If the first bit of a new frame overlaps with just the last bit of a frame
almost finished, both the frames will be totally destroyed. It does not
distinguish between a total loss or a near miss.
Slotted Aloha

• In 1987, Robert’s publish a method called slotted aloha which


doubled the capacity of pure aloha.

• Divide time up into discrete intervals, each corresponding to one


packet.

• The stations can only transmit data in one of the time slots only.

• The vulnerable period is now reduced in half. If the frames collide


they will overlap completely instead of partially.
Slotted
Summary

• Aloha Protocol:
– Whenever a station has data, it transmits
immediately
– Receivers ACK all packets
– No ACK = collision. Wait a random time and
retransmit
• The Slotted Aloha Protocol
– Slotted Aloha - Aloha with an additional
constraint
– Time is divided into discrete time intervals
(=slot)
– A station can transmit only at the beginning of
a frame

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