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Transmission Lines: T C Njenda

This document discusses different types of transmission lines based on their length. It defines short lines as less than 80 km, medium lines as between 80-240 km, and long lines as over 240 km. For short lines, only series resistance and inductance need to be considered. Medium lines can be modeled with lumped resistance, inductance, and half the capacitance at each end. Long lines require a distributed parameter model using hyperbolic functions. It also discusses voltage and current waves on long lines, and methods of voltage control including reactive power injection and compensation.

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127 views39 pages

Transmission Lines: T C Njenda

This document discusses different types of transmission lines based on their length. It defines short lines as less than 80 km, medium lines as between 80-240 km, and long lines as over 240 km. For short lines, only series resistance and inductance need to be considered. Medium lines can be modeled with lumped resistance, inductance, and half the capacitance at each end. Long lines require a distributed parameter model using hyperbolic functions. It also discusses voltage and current waves on long lines, and methods of voltage control including reactive power injection and compensation.

Uploaded by

Takawira
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TRANSMISSION T C NJENDA

LINES
SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE
A very important problem in the design and operation of a power system is the
maintenance of the voltage within specified limits at various points in the system.
Line parameters are uniformly distributed along the line.
open-wire 50/60Hz lines less than about 80 km (50 mi) long are short lines.
Lumped parameters give good accuracy for short lines and for lines of medium
length.
If an overhead line is classified as short, shunt capacitance is so small that it can be
omitted entirely with little loss of accuracy, and we need to consider only the series
resistance R and the series inductance L for the total length of the line.
The equivalent circuit of a short transmission line is shown in the next slide.
SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE
SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE
 In order to distinguish between the total series impedance of a line and the series impedance per unit
length, the following nomenclature is adopted.
SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE
The circuit is solved as a simple series ac circuit as follows.

Voltage regulation of a transmission line is the rise in voltage at the receiving end,
expressed in percent of full-load voltage, when full load at a specified power factor
is removed while the sending-end voltage is held constant.
SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE

  If a three phase load with apparent power is connected at the receiving end the
current can be calculated as

A two port network can also be used to represent short lines


SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE
Which can be calculated as

where
SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE

  At no load therefore

For short lines A=1 therefore


Sending power can be calculated as

Losses are

Efficiency is
SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE
Phasor diagrams of a short transmission line. Ir and Vr are same for all diagrams.
SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE
(EXAMPLES)
1. Example 5.1 (Hadi Saadat)
2. Example 6.1 (Stevenson)
3. Example 6.2 (Stevenson)
MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINE
Medium-length lines are roughly between 80 km (50 mi) and 240 km (150 mi)
long.
A medium-length line can be represented sufficiently well by R and L as Iumped
parameters, with half the capacitance to neutral of the line lumped at each end of the
equivalent circuit.
Shunt conductance G, is usually neglected in overhead power transmission lines
when calculating voltage and current.
The circuit is called a nominal π network
The figure is shown in the next slide
MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINE
MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINE

  From KCL

From KVL

Substituting for

Sending end current


MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINE

  Substituting for and

From two port network parameters

The determinant is unit i.e


MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINE
Expressing receiving end quantities in terms of sending end quantities
MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINE
(EXAMPLES)
1. Example 5.1 and 5.2 Hadi Saadat
LONG TRANSMISSION LINE
Lines longer than 240 km (180 mi) require calculations in terms of distributed
constants if a high degree of accuracy is required, although for some purposes a
lumped-parameter representation can be used for lines up to 320 km (200 mi) long
LONG TRANSMISSION LINE

  From KVL

As

From KCL
LONG TRANSMISSION LINE

  Again as

By differentiating

We get
LONG TRANSMISSION LINE

  Let
We get the DE

Solution of above equation is

 is a complex propagation constant given by


LONG TRANSMISSION LINE
The real part is known as the attenuation constant and the imaginary part as the
phase constant
Current can be calculated as
LONG TRANSMISSION LINE

  The characteristic impedance is

To find and when x=0 and Ifrom


LONG TRANSMISSION LINE
Substituting for the constants we get

Rearranging we get
LONG TRANSMISSION LINE
Recognizing the hyperbolic functions

Setting we have
LONG TRANSMISSION LINE
Using ABCD constants

As before
LONG TRANSMISSION LINE
For the equivalent π network we have

Comparing the above equation with


LONG TRANSMISSION LINE
And making use of

We get
LONG TRANSMISSION LINE
Equivalent pi network for a long transmission line
LONG TRANSMISSION LINE
(EXAMPLES)
1. Example 5.4 (Hadi Saadat)
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
WAVES
From
Voltage at any point along the line is given by

where
Transforming the equation for voltage at any point along the line from phasor to
time domain we have
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
WAVES
As x increase (from receiving point) the first term becomes larger and is called the
incident wave, the second term becomes smaller and is called the reflected wave.
At any point voltage is the sum of the two components below
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
WAVES
If we consider the reflected wave
The peak amplitude requires that

Thus
Velocity of propagation is now
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
WAVES

  The wavelength which results in a phase shift of is

For a lossless line from


VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
WAVES
Characteristic impedance becomes

For lossless line velocity and wavelength are


VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
WAVES
For lossless line from
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
WAVES
For open circuited line therefore

For short circuited line therefore


SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING
Load corresponding to surge impedance at rated voltage is known as SIL and is
given by
EXAMPLE
Consider example 5.5 (Hadi Saadat)
METHODS OF VOLTAGE
CONTROL
1. Reactive power injection
2. Static VAR generator
3. Rotating VAR generator
4. Control by transformers
5. Line compensation

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