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CENTRAL DOGMA

A gene contains a series of nitrogenous bases that provides the genetic code and instructions for producing a specific protein. During replication, the DNA copies itself before cell division so that each new cell contains an exact copy of the DNA. The DNA unwinds and each strand serves as a template for new strands to form. This results in two identical DNA molecules to be passed onto daughter cells.

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182 views14 pages

CENTRAL DOGMA

A gene contains a series of nitrogenous bases that provides the genetic code and instructions for producing a specific protein. During replication, the DNA copies itself before cell division so that each new cell contains an exact copy of the DNA. The DNA unwinds and each strand serves as a template for new strands to form. This results in two identical DNA molecules to be passed onto daughter cells.

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Second Books
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Can you still recall its function?

A gene is made up of a series of bases


arranged in a specific order.
What is a A single gene may contain about several
gene? hundreds to millions of nitrogenous bases.
The order of the nitrogenous bases in a
specific gene is the genetic code.
Genetic code gives instructions on what
protein will be produced.
Genotype – are materials found inside the
nucleus which makes up an organism’s complete
set of genes.

- language coded in the DNA.


Genetics
Language Phenotype – the expression of the genotype as
an observable characteristics.

- Proteins produced using the language coded in


the DNA.
Why does the cell needs to make more
DNA?
Replication Replication happens before cell division.
: How
So that each new cell will have an exact
DNA copy DNA as the parent cell DNA.
Copies Why?
Itself
So that the new cell will function
properly.
Replication:
Complementarity of the nitrogenous bases makes it possible for the DNA to copy itself.

Overview:
1. Two DNA strands connected by hydrogen bods separate from each other.
2. Each old strand of the parent DNA will be used as template for building new strand.
3. Two daughter DNA will result in the process.
Semiconservative replication – is the process of building daughter strands.
Replication
3 steps:
1. Unwinding
2. Base pairing
3. Joining

Enzymes involved:
4. DNA helicase – breaks the hydrogen bonds between nucleotides.
5. DNA primase – adds new nucleotides to the parent strand.
6. DNA polymerase – continues to add more complementary base pairs. It also does
proof reading to avoid any mistakes.
7. DNA ligase – seals any break in the new DNA strand.

Note: DNA polymerase and DNA ligase also does repairs when DNA strands are damaged
by harmful radiation or toxic chemicals.
Replication
PARENT DNA STRAND DAUGHTER DNA STRAND
T A
A T
C G
C G
C G
C G
G C
A T
T A
A T
A T
C G
T A
Transcription: Making Working
Copies of the Genes
Since the DNA does not leave the nucleus, it can only send copies of
the blueprint of a particular gene out of the nucleus to direct the
assembly of a particular protein through the RNA.

3 Types of RNA:
mRNA – copies specific instructions from the DNA to the cytoplasm.
rRNA – attaches itself to the ribosome and reads the mRNA
tRNA – contains the anticodon that binds with the mRNA.
Transcription:
1. Begins inside the nucleus when the DNA unzips between its base
pairs.
2. A portion of the DNA serves as a template for the mRNA formation
3. Enzyme RNA polymerase initiates transcription, ensures the right
sequences are transcribed and produces complementary strand.
4. mRNA leaves the nucleus with the copy of the genetic material.
Transcription:
DNA mRNA
T A
A U
C G
A U
A U
T A
G C
T A
C G
T A
C G
A U
Translation
This is the last stage of gene expression.
This leads to protein formation.
The process involved when genetic information is used to create amino acids and the
corresponding proteins.

Where?
Cytoplasm

When?
mRNA attaches to a ribosome to provide the code for the specific protein that will be
made.
Translation
Codon – is a 3-base code in the mRNA.

tRNA serves as the interpreter, reading and


translating the message by pairing up an
equivalent 3-letter code to the codon of the
mRNA.

Each amino acid is represented by certain


codon.

GET you genetic code chart.


Translation
CODON ANTICODON AMINO ACID
(mRNA) (tRNA)
A U
C G Threonine
G C
U A
A U Tyrosine
C G
G C
G C Glycine
A U

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